Name: 騎士 (Knight)
Uploaded: 2021-01-14T06:35:15.000Z
Duration: 40 min 16 s
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A knight is a person granted an honorary title of knighthood by a monarch or other political

leader for service to the Monarch or country, especially in a military capacity. Historically,

上級受動態

in Europe, knighthood has been conferred upon mounted warriors. During the High Middle Ages,

knighthood was considered a class of lower nobility. By the Late Middle Ages, the rank

had become associated with the ideals of chivalry, a code of conduct for the perfect courtly

Christian warrior. Often, a knight was a vassal who served as a fighter for a lord, with payment

in the form of land holdings. The lords trusted the knights, who were skilled in battle on

horseback. Since the early modern period, the title of knight is purely honorific, usually

bestowed by a monarch, as in the British honours system, often for non-military service to

the country. Historically, the ideals of chivalry were

popularized in medieval literature, especially the Matter of Britain and Matter of France,

the former based on Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia Regum Britanniae, written in the

1130s. Sir Thomas Malory's Le Morte d'Arthur, written in 1485, was important in defining

the ideal of chivalry which is essential to the modern concept of the knight as an elite

warrior sworn to uphold the values of faith, loyalty, courage, and honour. During the Renaissance,

the genre of chivalric romance became popular in literature, growing ever more idealistic

and eventually giving rise to a new form of realism in literature popularised by Miguel

de Cervantes' Don Quixote. This novel explored the ideals of knighthood and their incongruity

with the reality of Cervantes' world. In the late medieval period, new methods of warfare

began to render classical knights in armour obsolete, but the titles remained in many

nations. Some orders of knighthood, such as the Knights

Templar, have become the subject of legend; others have disappeared into obscurity. Today,

a number of orders of knighthood continue to exist in several countries, such as the

English Order of the Garter, the Swedish Royal Order of the Seraphim, and the Royal Norwegian

Order of St. Olav. Each of these orders has its own criteria for eligibility, but knighthood

is generally granted by a head of state to selected persons to recognise some meritorious

achievement. Knighthood in the Middle Ages was closely

linked with horsemanship from its origins in the 12th century until its final flowering

as a fashion among the high nobility in the Duchy of Burgundy in the 15th century. This

linkage is reflected in the etymology of chivalry, cavalier and related terms. The special prestige

given to mounted warriors finds a parallel in the furusiyya in the Muslim world, and

the Greek hippeus and the Roman eques of Classical Antiquity.

Etymology The word knight, from Old English cniht, is

a cognate of the German word Knecht. This meaning, of unknown origin, is common among

West Germanic languages. Anglo-Saxon cniht had no particular connection to horsemanship,

referring to any servant. A rādcniht was a servant delivering messages or patrolling

coastlines on horseback. Old English cnihthād had the meaning of adolescence by 1300.

A narrowing of the generic meaning \"servant\" to \"military follower of a king or other superior\"

is visible by 1100. The specific military sense of a knight being a mounted warrior

in the heavy cavalry emerges only in the Hundred Years' War. The verb \"to knight\" appears around

1300, and from the same time, the word \"knighthood\" shifted from \"adolescence\" to \"rank or dignity

of a knight\". In this respect English differs from most

other European languages, where the equivalent word emphasizes the status and prosperity

of war horse ownership. Linguistically, the association of horse ownership with social

status extends back at least as far as ancient Greece, where many aristocratic names incorporated

the Greek word for horse, like Hipparchus and Xanthippe; the character Pheidippides

in Aristophanes' Clouds has his grandfather's name with hipp- inserted to sound more aristocratic.

Similarly, the Greek ἱππεύς is commonly translated \"knight\"; at least in its sense

of the highest of the four Athenian social classes, those who could afford to maintain

a warhorse in the state service. An Equestrian was a member of the second highest

social class in the Roman Republic and early Roman Empire. This class is often translated

as \"knight\"; the medieval knight, however, was called miles in Latin,. Both Greek hippos

and Latin equus are derived from the Proto-Indo-European word root ekwo- meaning \"horse\".

In the later Roman Empire the classical Latin word for horse, equus, was replaced in common

parlance by vulgar Latin caballus, sometimes thought to derive from Gaulish caballos. From

caballus arose terms in the various Romance languages cognate to the English cavalier:

Old Italian cavaliere, Italian cavallo, Spanish caballero, French chevalier, Portuguese cavaleiro,

Romanian cavaler. The Germanic languages feature terms cognate to the English rider: German

Ritter, and Dutch and Scandinavian ridder. These words are cognates derived from Germanic

rīdan \"to ride\", derived from the Proto-Indo-European root reidh-.

In Ancient Rome there was a knightly class Ordo Equestris from which European knighthood

may have been derived. Knighthood as known in Europe was characterized

by the combination of two elements, feudalism and service as a mounted warrior. Both arose

under the reign of the Frankish emperor Charlemagne, from which the knighthood of the Middle Ages

Some portions of the armies of Germanic peoples who occupied Europe from the 3rd century CE,

had always been mounted, and some armies, such as those of the Ostrogoths, comprised

mainly cavalry. However it was the Franks who came to dominate Western and Central Europe

after the fall of Rome, and they generally fielded armies composed of large masses of

infantry, with an infantry elite, the comitatus, which often rode to battle on horseback rather

than marching on foot. Riding to battle had two key advantages: it reduced fatigue, particularly

when the elite soldiers wore armour; and it gave the soldiers more mobility to react to

the raids of the enemy, particularly the Muslim invasions which reached Europe in 711. So

it was that the armies of the Frankish ruler and warlord Charles Martel, which defeated

the Umayyad Arab invasion at the Battle of Tours in 732, were still largely infantry

armies, the elites riding to battle but dismounting to fight, providing a hard core for the levy

of the infantry warbands. As the 8th century progressed into the Carolingian

Age, the Franks were generally on the attack, and larger numbers of warriors took to their

horses to ride with the Emperor in his wide-ranging campaigns of conquest. At about this time

the Franks increasingly remained on horseback to fight on the battlefield as true cavalry

rather than as mounted infantry, and would continue to do so for centuries thereafter.

Although in some nations the knight returned to foot combat in the 14th century, the association

of the knight with mounted combat with a spear, and later a lance, remained a strong one.

These mobile mounted warriors made Charlemagne's far-flung conquests possible, and to secure

their service he rewarded them with grants of land called benefices. These were given

to the captains directly by the Emperor to reward their efforts in the conquests, and

they in turn were to grant benefices to their warrior contingents, who were a mix of free

and unfree men. In the century or so following Charlemagne's death, his newly empowered

warrior class grew stronger still, and Charles the Bald declared their fiefs to be hereditary.

The period of chaos in the 9th and 10th centuries, between the fall of the Carolingian central

authority and the rise of separate Western and Eastern Frankish kingdoms, only entrenched

this newly landed warrior class. This was because governing power, and defence against

Viking, Magyar and Saracen attack, became an essentially local affair which revolved

around these new hereditary local lords and their demesnes.

In the Early Medieval period any well-equipped horseman could be described as a 'knight,'

or miles in Latin. In the course of the 12th century knighthood became a social rank with

a distinction being made between 'milites gregarii' and milites nobiles. As the term

'knight' became increasingly confined to denoting a social rank, the military role of fully

armoured cavalryman gained a separate term, 'man-at-arms'. Although any Medieval knight

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騎士 (Knight)

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