Hello, welcome to Proko my name is Stan Prokopenko. So, we’re done with the pelvis and now we’re

going to move our way up to the rib cage. In this episode we’ll learn about the simple

structure of the rib cage. Then look at some of the detailed anatomical parts.

Simplified Structure

The rib cage is often simplified as an oval shape. For a gesture drawing, that’s good

enough. But for an anatomy study, it’s not. The rib cage is more like an egg because the

top is narrower than the bottom. And more specifically, the rib cage is more like an

egg with planes. It has clear front, side, and back planes. The front plane is composed

of the sternum and costal cartilage. The front plane transitions to side plane right where

the costal cartilage connects to the ribs. From there the ribs continue backward in a

subtle convex curve. Then they reach the angle of the ribs where they take a sudden turn

medially for the back plane. The back plane actually has a concave wedge where the ribs

curve forward to connect to the spine.

This is unique to humans, allowing us to lie on our backs comfortably. Quadrupeds like

dogs and horses have pointed spines – the spinous processes of the vertebrae extend

way up. That might explain why Skelly’s always being so lazy!

Now don’t miss this. The top plane actually slants forward. From side view, you can see

how the rib cage connects to the neck at this angle. The neck curves back to hold up the

head vertically. Ignoring this will result in the infamous ‘lollipop neck’. It tastes

good. But it doesn’t look good.

Oh, the bottom plane. It’s complicated. It curves. In the front, from the bottom of

the sternum, the costal cartilage angles outward creating the upside down V shape called the

thoracic arch. The cartilage of the 10th rib has a sharp “corner of the ribcage”, which

you can see and feel on the surface. From that corner, the bottom plane curves around

to the back and then up to the 12th thoracic vertebra.

Parts of the rib cage

The Rib Cage is made up of the thoracic vertebrae, which we already covered, twelve pairs of

ribs, each connected to a vertebra, the costal cartilage, and the sternum.

“Do we really need to know how many ribs there are?”

It may seem like overkill, but when you invent poses or sculpt the figure, you may want to

know where to attach the muscles of the torso. The rib cage is an origin and insertion area

for many muscles. So, let’s learn the ribs so we can attach the muscles in the right

place.

“But there’s so many of them!”

Well, not really. Only 12. But don’t worry, if you understand the simple structure of

the planar egg and the general pattern of the ribs, you’ll find it easy to place the

ribs in that egg structure.

From the back, the ribs angle down slightly. As they reach the side plane, they dive diagonally

at about 45 degrees and stay at that angle until they reach the costal cartilage in the

front. The costal cartilage of the top half stays close to horizontal. The bottom half

curve upward toward the sternum.

“Do women have an extra rib?”

Nope! There is an abnormality in a very small percentage of people who have an additional

cervical rib (that’s in the neck). This happens more often in females, but also occurs

in males.

So what parts of the rib cage show up on the surface? On a muscular person when the muscles

stretch, we see some of the lower ribs in the front and also in the back.

On a lean person it doesn’t take much of a stretch to reveal the ribs in the front

and back, and they’re much more obvious.

I’ve invented this x-ray pad to help us. With some x-ray paint and a simple canvas

I was able to jerry-rig one of these bad boys! Cool huh?

Now, how do we figure out where the rib cage is in poses where we can’t see the ribs?

Well, we can use our knowledge of where the muscles attach. Rib number 5 is an important

one. The bottom of the pec aligns with the level of 5th rib. The first digit of the external

oblique originates at the 5th rib. And the first visible digit of the serratus originates

at the 5th rib. The 3 most prominent serratus digits originate at the 6th, 7th, and 8th

ribs.

Costal Cartilage

The Costal Cartilages connect the ribs to the sternum. They also make the ribcage more

flexible and elastic.

On a very lean person with thin pec muscles, you’ll see the first few costal cartilages

connecting to the sternum in the front. A bit lower and to the side, the muscle and

breast tissue (on a female) will cover the ribs even on a very lean person.

The lower front edge of the rib cage is the Thoracic Arch. It’s made up of the cartilages

from the 7th to 10th ribs. Starting from where the Costal Cartilages of the 7th ribs attach

to the Sternum, down to the corner of the 10th rib. This corner often stands out in

the figure, especially when the model is inhaling or leaning back.

Because the thoracic arch is made of cartilage, it will have more variation than bone. Artists

tend to idealize this shape to be 90 degrees on males and a narrower 60 degrees on females.

And, a more masculine arch will curve outward and a feminine arch will curve inward.

But the shape of the thoracic arch is more of an idealization than a rule. In this example

we can see a wide arch on a female.

Sternum

Also known as the Breastbone, the Sternum is made up of three pieces and looks like

a downward facing dagger or necktie. You can think of these pieces like the sword of a

Roman Gladiator. The top piece is the Manubrium, which means ‘handle’, the Body is the

Gladiolus which means blade, and the tip of the sternum is called the Xiphoid process.

Xiphos, means sword.

The top corners of the Manubrium are where the clavicles attach, forming the pit of the

neck.

The body of the sternum is the longer bone, thinner at the top and thicker at the bottom.

It’s about twice the height of the Manubrium. On a male, the lower end of the Body is usually

located below the nipples and above the level of the lower border of the Pecs. On a female,

the placement of the nipple and bottom of the breast varies greatly.

At the lower tip of the Sternum is the Xiphoid Process, or the dagger! It’s about the size

of the tip of your thumb. Sometimes the xiphoid process sticks out from the surface, and sometimes

it digs in and makes a depression, surrounded by thick costal cartilage.

Check out proko.com/anatomy for extended anatomy lessons and more examples of the assignments.

That’s proko.com/anatomy

Assignments

For our assignment this week, let’s build on the assignment from the Spine lesson. Now

that we know more about the structure of the pelvis and rib cage, we can do a more precise

version. Construct a Robo Skelly rib cage and the pelvis using the bucket method. Try

to be as accurate as you can with them. Don’t just draw a generic rib cage shape in there.

Look for clues from landmarks and muscle attachments that will tell you exactly where the rib cage

is. I’ve uploaded a bunch of model photos, which you can find in the description below.

That’s it, thanks for watching! If you’re posting your drawings, use hashtag #proko

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