season in the history of ever -- so you KNOW strategists on every side are going to try

and gain the upper hand... But how?

If you’re staying on top of how the 2016 presidential election is shaping up, you will

likely hear from political strategists talking about the best way for a candidate to win.

A lot of times they’ll throw around the term “game theory” and how it’s the

key to success. WHAT IS IT

Game theory is a way to look at all the possible outcomes of a rule-based interaction, whether

that's a game of Monopoly or political battle,,and then pick the ones that are the most advantageous.

When I was researching this principle, my first thought was the logic of a chess match.

Knowing the rules, a good player can determine the moves their opponent will make and then

make decisions on what to do. Game theory does the same, but with the rules of human

interaction.

It started as a mathematical theory for economics -- invented by John Nash of A Beautiful Mind

fame, and John Von Neumann. But nearly every human interaction you have can be described

by game theory. Every. Thing. If you're eyeballing the last slice of pizza, you're doing game

theory to figure out if you should take it. If you are talking to a business partner about

salary, you're using game theory. If you're asking someone on a date: game theory!! It's

everywhere! You can distill it into one simple idea: what's the best way to get the ideal

payoff with minimal risk.

The most famous example used for game theory is "the prisoner's dilemma." Two prisoners

are being interrogated in separate rooms, and their fates are intertwined. Sound familiar?

It's used in movies and tv all the time. The prisoners have the option to be silent or

snitch on their fellow prisoner. It helps to create a matrix like thisand fill it in

as we go. If one snitches and the other is silent -- the snitch goes free; but if they're

both silent (or both snitch), they'll see varying levels of reduced punishments. Put

another way, think of the Cold War. The US and Russia had two choices, arm or disarm.

Logically, they'd want to disarm, save money and have no war, but because that's mathematically

unlikely, the rational choice was to arm, because they will either maintain superiority

(because the other disarms), or equality (because they both arm)!

THE TRICKY PART FOR CANDIDATES Game theory attempts to explain why rational

people, organizations, businesses or governments may not cooperate, even though it may be in

their mutual best interest. When it comes to running for president, the rules and players

are there, but how each candidate chooses where to campaign can come down to game theory.

For a practical example, let’s use the candidates from U.S. presidential election in 2004. In

an article for Slate, University of Wisconsin math professor Jordan Ellenberg did some math

for us, thank goodness: So let’s say George Bush and John Kerry have only one more day

to make a stop… and Florida and Ohio are key swing states… The Bush campaign can

use Game theory to figure out which state to visit.

If Bush has a 70 percent chance of winning Florida and only 30% chance in Ohio, where

should he go? By visiting a state he'll get a 10% bump. Our gut tells us, he should go

to Ohio so he can boost his numbers there, but is that right? Game theory has the answer.

If both Bush and Kerry go the same state, Bush has a 21% chance of winning the overall

election. If Bush visits Florida and Kerry Ohio, he drops to a 16% chance of winning,

but if Bush goes to Ohio and Kerry goes to Florida, then his chances of winning jump

to 24%. So, his "dominant strategy" is to go to Ohio and ignore Kerry, because he'll

either get a 24 or 21 percent chance of winning. Laying out the strategy for both players,

is called the "Nash Equilibrium." Which says both would be satisfied with their current

strategy even knowing in advance their opponents strategy. This helps because candidates don't

always know what the other is going to do, and the rules of the game are rarely so straightforward.

Now that the 2016 Presidential Election season has begun, Republican candidates are each

trying to unseat the other to win the GOP nomination. Game theory doesn't provide solid

answers, but gives rational thought to what can be emotional decision-making. By guessing

all the possible paths of current frontrunner Donald Trump[7] the other candidates may have

gotten more benefit from letting Trump come off as a bully, rather than fighting him on

policy or rhetoric.

By running game theory each campaign can increase their chances of coming out on top. It might

be too early for the candidates to have all the rules of the 2016 election set in stone,

but like in chess, each candidate is trying to decide what the other candidates are doing,

and what moves each can make, to give themselves the greatest advantage.

Obviously, this can get WAY complicated WAY fast, but it's super interesting. If you know

more about game theory, teach us your ways down in the comments.