The seven basic constraints that shape a mobile phone

series 3 engineerguy videos

Nothing illustrates engineering design better than a mobile phone.

In fact, a definition of engineering might be something like

"design with real world contraints."

Here's the seven major constraints that govern the choices made by an engineer in designing a cell phone.

The essential trade-off in any cell phone is compactness versus usability.

We want a small phone, but we also want one that fits our bodies. ho 10 00:00:31,000 --> 00:00:33,000 Here's three solutions.

A hinge.

The classic flip phone - put a hinge in and change the size and it allows you to have larger keys.

You can also see this same idea in slider keyboards.

Second, you can do what they do on this phone - a Blackberry - and maximize available space by using very tiny keys.

And, you can use software.

This is my android, the phone I use everyday

and I've added to it a clever littled keyboard designed for small devices.

I can spell my name just be doing this.

Very clever isn't it.

Next, emotions affect the design of a cell phone.

You don't see these too much today, but the flip of this now nearly vintage phone

resonates deeply in the psyche of someone my age.

I grew up watching Captain Kirk grab his communicator and bark a command.

Beam me up Scotty.

I'm sure phones today resonate in some way with video games or popular movies.

Now, next, in making a compact design an engineer considers energy.

In the twenty years or so that I've been using a cell phone they've shrunk.

Hold on.

Look at how huge this vintage "brick" phone is from the 1980s.

This isn't even one of the first ones:

Its one of the later ones called an "ultra classic II", slightly smaller than the first phones.

It weights just over a pound and seems to be mostly battery.

It uses a nickel-cadmium one.

Compare it to this lithium ion from a more modern phone.

Now batteries shrunk because they got better

we have greater energy density now

but likely more important is the move from

analog to digital signaling,

and a movement of much energy-draining computation

from the phones themselves to the towers.

The next constraint also helped reduce battery size.

Old cell phones had brick sized batteries partly because it took a lot of power to reach a cell phone tower;

but today we have such a density of towers that we don't need as much energy to reach one.

The increase in towers has made this [antenna] a nearly endangered species.

For this RAZR this is the closest indication of an antenna:

Its a rubber cover for the for the external antenna connector, used during testing of the phone at the factory.

The actual antenna is inside underneath one of the plastic parts of the case of the phone.

Now, this doesn't work as well as a huge external one,

but that's the the trade-off between compactness and usability I mentioned earlier.

Now, another reason for the phones compactness is plastics.

If we didn't have plastics this phone would be much larger and more expensive.

Take just this "latch" imagine how bulky some kind of clasp would be.

The fact that this plastic gives a little bit and

pops back in to place makes this simple, small fastener possible.

The phone's designer needed a deep knowledge about how plastic behaves

so that it could be used thousands of times without wearing out.

The insides - the way a phone operates - reflects yet a sixth design criteria.

On most modern cell phones you'll something called Enhanced or E911.

In an emergency an operator can locate the phone to within several hundred feet.

Typically it doesn't use true global positioning,

but instead "assisted GPS" in that it uses the location of cell phone towers to triangulate.

Now, this is fraught with all types of privacy issues.

Lastly, we need this phone to quickly change the volume

because as a culture we've decided that there are times when our cell phones shouldn't ring.

And so we can adjust the ring tone volume easily.

I'm Bill Hammack, the engineer guy.

Hi, how did you get this number.