Name: 迷信[HD] (Superstition [HD])
Uploaded: 2021-01-14T04:50:56.000Z
Duration: 9 min 57 s
Description: VoiceTubeの動画で発音を聞きながら英語表現を覚えよう！学べる英語：

In 1948, American psychologist B F Skinner reported some unusual animal behaviour.

He placed a succession of hungry pigeons inside a cage

where an automated machine delivered food to them at certain intervals

and observed that the birds started repeating actions

that had coincided with the delivery of the food.

They behaved as if their actions were influencing the food to appear

as if there was some causal connection, when in fact there was none:

the food would have appeared at the same intervals, whatever the birds did.

At about the same time Skinner published his paper, "Superstition in the pigeon"

psychologist Bertram Forer was conducting a study

relating to a human superstition, astrology.

followed by a confidential personality analysis

which he told them was based on their test results.

When they were asked to rate their analysis for accuracy

on a scale of nought to five, five being the most accurate

Forer later revealed that all subjects had received exactly the same analysis

taken from horoscopes in an astrology book.

refers to people's tendency to be impressed by personality readings

given by astrologers and other pseudo-scientists

which they're led to believe are tailored to them individually

but are actually general enough to apply to most people.

Forer's experiment, which has been replicated many times

with the same basic results, is an important demonstration

that the seemingly impressive accuracy of horoscopes

can easily be reproduced without birthdays

a wedding ring dangled over the belly of a pregnant woman

A straight pendulum swing predicts a boy.

This involves the same mechanism found in dowsing

the superstitious belief that one can detect underground water

or other hidden substances with dowsing rods.

It actually works by amplifying small, almost imperceptible movements of the hand.

This hand movement is often an unconscious 'ideomotor effect'

whereby one's expectations lead one to make involuntary movements

Sometimes, dowsing rods are even used on maps

which are declared somehow to have the same detectable 'energies'

automatic writing and ouija board activity

have all been attributed to the ideomotor effect

though the person making the involuntary action might be convinced

Of course, often, there is a deliberate attempt to deceive others.

The belief that we can contact spirits with ouija boards

is one of countless superstitions surrounding death

and countless television shows seek to give evidence

Viewers send in footage in which spots of light are leapt on

and self-proclaimed mediums declare they can channel spirits

in shows that disclaimers admit are 'for entertainment purposes only'.

Interestingly, when magicians give their audiences

apparently uncannily accurate details about their lives and relationships

our typical response is "What's their trick?"

But when others do the same, posing as psychic mediums

the response is often, "They must have supernatural powers".

All that differs between the self-proclaimed medium and self-confessed showman

If the showman doesn't need supernatural powers, nor does the medium.

In the fifth season of the so-called ghost-hunting show Most Haunted

its resident medium, Derek Acorah, behaved as if possessed

But it was later reported that this name had been invented

and misinformation about the fictitious person had been fed to Derek

As filming began and Derek became swept up in the persona

of the non-existent spirit, he didn't realise that 'Kreed Kafer'

He went on to channel a similarly fictitious highwayman

whose name was an anagram of 'Derek Lies'.

Many superstitions revolve around the treatment of illness.

And many want their superstition to be regarded as authentic medicine.

Homoeopathy involves preparations that have been repeatedly and extremely diluted

until it's statistically uncertain that there's even one molecule

How do homoeopaths justify selling water as medicine?

They claim water has a memory of the substances with which it's had contact.

A major problem with this claim, even if there were valid evidence to support it

is that the water the homoeopath sells you may have had contact

not only with the substance claimed to treat your health

but with countless other substances during its natural existence.

The '10:23' campaign has staged mass overdoses

of homoeopathic products around the world

and raise awareness of the problems with homoeopathic claims.

Homoeopathy hasn't been shown to have any effect beyond placebo:

when receiving and having confidence in a dummy treatment

can itself lead to an improvement in health.

Some feel that if placebos sometimes show improvement

then deceiving people into thinking a fake medicine actually works does no harm

Among the well-known objections to this idea

is that if people come to rely on treatments with no scientific validity

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迷信[HD] (Superstition [HD])

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psychological

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