Name: 南北戦争 第1部：クラッシュコース アメリカ史 #20 (The Civil War, Part I: Crash Course US History #20)
Uploaded: 2021-01-14T04:50:23.000Z
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Hi I’m John Green this is Crash Course US History and today we come at last to the Civil

War, the conflict that in many ways created a nation. So here’s what you won’t be

getting today. We will not be describing battles and tactics.

If that’s your bag, might I suggest Ken Burns or if you prefer books, like 1000 authors,

my favorites being James McPherson and Shelby Foote.

And 2. We won’t be bashing and/or praising Abraham Lincoln very much, although we do

have multiple Lincolns here because we’ve heard that’s good for ratings.

I mean, to watch or read certain accounts, you would think that the Civil War was a lengthy

chess game played by Abraham Lincoln against his cunning opponent Abraham Lincoln, but

of course there were other people involved. We are going to quote a fair bit of Lincoln,

though, because, you know, that won Tony Kushner an Academy Award nomination.

3. We won’t be claiming that the Civil War was somehow secretly about something other

than slavery, because that is just so early 20th century.

And 4. There will not be a lot of jokes today because hahaha 700,000 people died.

Mr. Green, actually only 680,000 people died. Yeah, it depends on how you count, you snivelling

little ghoul. But recent estimates are between 680,000 and 800,000 total casualties. Deadlier

for Americans than the American Revolution, World War I, World War II, and Vietnam combined.

intro So let’s start with some basic facts about

the American Civil War. 1861 to 1865, which corresponded with the presidency of Abraham

Lincoln. The Union, or more colloquially the North, fought against the forces of the Confederate

States of America, or the South. Sometimes people call the Union ‘the blue”

and the confederates “the gray,” but in fact the uniforms weren’t very uniform,

they were all different kinds of color. And also, with all that dirt and blood, they were

all just brown. Alright, let’s go to the Thought Bubble.

You’ll notice from this map that not all the states that held slaves were part of the

Confederacy. The border states of Kentucky, Missouri, Delaware and Maryland allowed slavery

and never left the United States. All of these border states were critical to the Union--Maryland

was north of the nation’s capitol in Washington D.C.; Kentucky controlled the Ohio River;

Missouri was the gateway to the West; Delaware actually wasn’t that important.

So none of that should be particularly controversial, unless you’re from Delaware, but the causes

of the war, that’s another story. The Civil War was about slavery--actual historians will

back me up on this, like David Goldfield, who wrote, “Both Northerners and Southerners

recognized slavery as the immediate cause of the Civil War.” Also, Lincoln said in

his second inaugural address, “One eighth of the whole population were colored slaves,

not distributed generally over the Union, but localized in the southern part of it.

These slaves constituted a peculiar and powerful interest. All knew that this interest was,

somehow, the cause of the war.” That said, in comments lots of people will

be like, the war was about agriculture versus industry, or the states’ rights to protect

themselves from the tyranny of a big federal government, but if it were REALLY about that,

the Civil War would’ve started during the Nullification crisis in the 1830s, when--as

I’m sure you’ll remember--Andrew Jackson said that South Carolina couldn’t declare

a federal tariff null in their state. Why didn’t that cause a Civil War?

The Confederate government passed the first conscription act in American history, implemented

national taxes, created a national currency, and had a government bureaucracy of about

70,000 people, more than the federal bureaucracy in Washington D.C.

Thanks, Thought Bubble. That said, in the beginning of the war, Lincoln deliberately

tried to downplay the slavery angle, arguing that the war was only about preserving “the

Union.” But the war was also about religion, for both

sides. As David Goldfield put it, “In protecting the Revolutionary ideals, northerners would

preserve God’s plan to extend democracy and Christianity across an unbroken continent

and around the world. Southerners welcomed a war to create a nation more perfect in its

fealty to God than the one they had left.” But it’s also important to remember that

regular soldiers often had more prosaic reasons for going off to fight, as you will eventually

learn when you are forced to read The Red Badge of Courage,

Goldfield tells the story of one Alabamian who enlisted only after his girlfriend mailed

him a dress and told him he should start wearing if he wasn’t willing to go fight.

And for Northerners, Union, religion and an end to slavery mixed together to form a potent

rationale for war. It’s summed up nicely by Julia Ward Howe’s words to the song that

would become famous as the Battle Hymn of the Republic: “As he died to make men holy,

let us die to make men free.” You thought I was going to sing, but you were wrong.

So spoiler alert the Union won the war, which in a sense was unsurprising, because they

had massive advantages: For starters, they had many more people, approximately

22 million as compared to 9 million in the South, of whom 3.5 million were slaves and

therefore unlikely to be sympathetic to the Southern cause.

Also, the north manufactured more than 90% of all goods in America; its factories turned

out 17 times more textiles than the South, 30 times more shoes and boots, 13 times more

iron, and 32 times more firearms. Plus, at the outbreak of the war the North

had twenty thousand miles of railroad compared with the South’s ten thousand.

This made it easier for the Union to move its army, which over the course of the war

enlisted more than 2 million men, compared with 900,000 for the Confederacy.

Even northern agriculture was also more productive, taking greater advantage of mechanization

than southern farmers did. Really the only advantage the south had was

better leaders, like most of the tactically famous generals of the Civil War, Robert E.

Lee, Stonewall Jackson, J. E. B. Stewart, etc., were Southerners. And also, by the way,

they all had great last words. Lee said “Strike the tent,” Stonewall

Jackson said “Let us cross over the river and rest under the shade of those trees,”

and JEB Stuart after being mortally wounded in battle said to his close friend and lieutenant,

“Honey-bun, how do I look in the face?” Famous Union general Ulysses Grant’s last

word was “Water,” which isn’t near so good, but he said that last word after having

survived the war and getting to be, like, President of the United States and stuff.

Right but anyway, this all raises an interesting question: Was the result of the war a foregone

conclusion? The Confederacy had to create a nation from

scratch and build national unity among people who were committed to the autonomy of their

individual home states. So that’s a problem. And, then there was the issue of overcoming

class conflicts, especially when the ruling class was often exempted from actually fighting

in the war. But when you put aside all that nation-building

stuff and just focus on the actual fighting of the war, the question of the union’s

inevitable win becomes much trickier. Some have argued that all the Confederacy

really to do was outlast the Northern efforts to bring them back into the Union, like Washington

had to do against the British. And the idea was that the war of attrition

would eventually wear down northern resolve. But, there were two problems with this theory.

First, the North had such superiority in its resources that it would take a long time to

wear down. Secondly, fighting a war of attrition would

be costly to the South, as well and their resources would be depleted long before the

North’s. Oh it’s time for the Mystery Document? The

rules here are simple. Woah! That was intense. I try to identify the author of the Mystery

Document. If I am right, I do not get shocked, but I’m never right because Stan makes it

too hard. Alright, let’s see what we’ve got today.

“I therefore determined, first, to use the greatest number of troops practicable against

字幕リスト動画再生

南北戦争第1部：クラッシュコースアメリカ史 #20 (The Civil War, Part I: Crash Course US History #20)

eventually

inevitable

significant

panic

南北戦争 第1部：クラッシュコース アメリカ史 #20 (The Civil War, Part I: Crash Course US History #20)

eventually

inevitable

significant

panic

南北戦争第1部：クラッシュコースアメリカ史 #20 (The Civil War, Part I: Crash Course US History #20)