字幕表 動画を再生する 字幕スクリプトをプリント 翻訳字幕をプリント 英語字幕をプリント Someday, I will die. 私は いつの日か死ぬはずです But should I? でも延命のチャンスがあれば迷わず手にします If I was offered a longer life, 長すぎる人生とはどれくらいか I would take that in a second. 死は永遠に拒絶すべきなのか But how long is too long? あるいは死と 宇宙におけるその役割を― Is death something I should deny forever, 受け入れるべきものなのか or is death and the role it plays in the universe [私は死ぬべきだろうか] something I am better off accepting? まずは死が我々の人生に与える影響を考えます I want to start by looking at a particular way 「恐怖管理理論」によれば我々人間は― death affects how we live and treat one another. 文化的価値観を受け入れることで 死の恐怖に取り組んでいます Terror Management Theory 人は死を意識すればするほど― proposes that people like you and me 自分の価値観を他人に押し付けるそうです manage the terror of death's inevitability 提唱者は社会心理学者のシェルドン・ソロモン by embracing cultural values. ジェフ・グリーンバーグ トム・ピジンスキー That the more aware a person is of their own mortality, 恐怖管理理論「TMT」によれば― the more vehemently they will enforce 人間が変化を恐れるのは死を恐れるから their particular views of the world onto others. 各人の世界観 信念 慣習や規範は― Created by social psychologists Sheldon Solomon, 肉体が消えた後も残ると考えるのです Jeff Greenberg and Tom Pyszczynski, TMTによればナショナリズムや偏見は― Terror Management Theory, or TMT, 死に対する恐怖と相関関係があります suggests that, often, we are afraid of change 人間は常に死を意識しているのです because we're afraid of death. 死の役割に興味を持った私は― Each one of us has a worldview, TMTの提唱者であるジェフとシェルドンの 協力を得て― a set of beliefs, customs and norms パイロット・テストを 実施することにしました we identify with that can live on [実験1 恐怖管理] after our physical bodies die. 検証する仮説は? TMT suggest that rises in nationalism and prejudice 死を意識した被験者はそうでない者より― are correlated with rises in the salience of mortality. 犯罪者に対してより厳しい罰則を与えると思う That is, how present the inevitability of death is 見てみよう in people's minds. 舞台は偽の研究所でスタッフは役者です Now this role that death plays fascinates me, 被験者には刑事司法制度に関する実験だと 伝えました and two of TMT's originators, Jeff and Sheldon, 両グループにいくつかの犯罪事例を聞かせ― have agreed to work with me on a pilot study 犯人に対する刑罰を提示します of Terror Management Theory 厳しさのレベルは1から7 and real-life reminders of death. 1が最も軽く7が最も重い罰です What's your hypothesis today? 対照群の被験者には 部屋で質問するだけですが― Well, I think we're going to hope for the participants 実験群は入室前に 死を想起させるものを見せます who are reminded of their mortality ロビーに貼られたポスターです to be more punitive in their assessments. またアンケートで死に関する質問をします See what happens. 数十年のTMT研究によれば 自分の死を意識するほど― For our study, 犯罪に対して重い刑罰を選ぶ傾向があるそうです we created a fake research center, 死を連想するものを見ただけでも 同じ効果があるでしょうか staffed by actors, まず対照群を見ましょう and invited participants to be a part [対照群] of what they were told was a focus group ご協力に感謝します about the criminal justice system. 強調しますが正解はありません During the actual study, each group will hear a list 感じたまま答えてください of several different crimes that have been committed, では始めます and will then be asked to propose a punishment 恵まれない子供のための教育募金の責任者が― for each offender with a severity level 集めた金を持ち逃げしました ranging from 1 to 7, with 1 being the most lenient 数ヵ月後 彼は逃亡先のタスマニアで捕まりました and 7 being the most severe. 最も軽い罪は3ヵ月の服役 The control group will simply enter the survey room 最も重い罪は10年の服役 and be asked to answer the questions. 答えてください The experimental group, however, [対照群 死の連想なし] will first be exposed こちらは世界観の違いが出るようですね to reminders of their own mortality [対照群] with strategically placed posters in the lobby. 7が多い Also, the questionnaires they fill out 対照群が最も重い罪を選ぶなら― will include questions about their own death. 実験群がこれ以上 厳しい選択をする余地はない Decades of TMT research have shown that when presented こうした問題を解決し 実験の精度を高めるのが― with violations of common worldviews, パイロット・テストの目的です those who are more aware of their own deaths 人によってかなり違うね will recommend bigger punishments ニセ医者が手術を行い 誤って子供のへんとうを摘出 for the crimes presented. 患者は治療後に回復しました But will our real life reminders of death, 1は6ヵ月の保護観察で7は10年の服役 not just the survey questions usually used, 相手が医者だと聞くと我々は― make a difference? 善行を期待するものだ Well, first, let's look at the control participants. [対照群] [woman] Well, thank you so much for being here. 麻薬常習者の医師が手術に失敗し― Now, I cannot emphasize this enough. 患者は声帯を傷め職業を奪われた There are no right or wrong answers. [対照群] This is just about your gut-level reactions. 免許を取り立て16歳の少女が信号無視で 才能あるピアニストの車に衝突 All right, let's begin. [対照群] After raising millions of dollars in grant money 全裸の女性がいる公園に子供を連れていった to fund education for needy children, 男女で差が出るかも a fundraising manager unhappy with this life 世界観の違いもよく分かる fled with all the money そうだね and was arrested months later in Tasmania, [対照群] where he was living under a different name. 反政府活動家がリンカーン記念堂に― So, 1, least punishment: three months in prison; スプレーで落書きをした 7 is most severe: ten years in prison. 1は40時間の… Please answer now. 彼女はすぐ1に決めた This is one that I think does have worldviews on both sides. 権威や規則が嫌いなんだね [Michael] That is a lot of 7s. [対照群] If our control group is already maxing out like that, ご協力ありがとうございました well, then our scale has no room in that direction これが数学的分析の結果です to show any effect of mortality salience. 各質問の平均値と― Discovering issues like this, learning how to better isolate 各被験者の平均値と中央値 mortality salience's effect, 4はいいね 3もいい is exactly what a pilot test is for. この人は楽観的だね Hey, personal differences, huh? 罰則の最大値は7 対照群の平均値は4.5でした [woman] An imposter with no medical training - 対照群としては妥当だ - 同感 posed as a surgeon and bungled a minor operation 次は実験群を見ます to remove a child's tonsils. 事前に死を連想させるポスターを見せ― The patient recovered fully after additional treatment. アンケートで以下のような質問をします 1 is six months on probation, 7 is ten years in prison. 「自分の死を考えた時の感情を述べてください」 [Sheldon] Okay. 「死ぬ時に肉体はどうなるか 具体的に述べてください」 If you are taking on the persona of a doctor, 死を意識させるのがポイントです we would expect good behavior. 実験群はより重い刑罰を選ぶでしょうか [woman] The surgeon botched the operation [実験群] and was found to be under the influence of narcotics, 教育募金の責任者が金を持ち逃げし― causing her to have permanent hoarseness 数ヵ月後に逃亡先のタスマニアで逮捕された and ruining her career. 1は3ヵ月の服役で7は10年の服役 A 16-year-old girl who had just received her license 答えてください drove through a red light, [実験群] hitting another car that was being driven 考えてるね by a talented pianist. 答えを見せて A couple was taking their two children to the playground [実験群] when they saw a woman sunbathing nude. ありがとうございます Look at that. There could be a gender gap. なるほど We're also learning a lot about the worldviews people have. [実験群] [Jeff] Yeah, absolutely. ニセ医者が手術を行い― An anti-government protester was arrested 誤って子供のへんとうを摘出 for spray-painting profanities at the Lincoln Memorial 1は6ヵ月の保護観察で7は10年の服役 in Washington, D.C. [実験群] 1: 40 hours... - 対照群より考えてる - そうだね Wow, she went 1 right away. [実験群] She's not a fan of authority and rules. 10だって [Sheldon] Yeah. - 上限は知ってるはず - もちろんだ Okay, thank you so much for your time. ルールを無視してると知りつつ― We really appreciate it. 極論を示すというのは面白いね All right, so here's the results [実験群] in a mathematical analysis. 反政府活動家がリンカーン記念館に スプレーで落書きをした These are averages per question. [実験群] These are the averages and medians per participant. 対照群より回答に時間がかかってる [Jeff] The 4s are great. The 3's great. 注目に値するね But this is ground for optimism, at least. [実験群] [Michael] 7 was the max sentencing value, [実験群] and our control group gave an average of 4.5. 終わったから我々が行くと伝えて I'm really happy with that as a control group. ありがとうございました 終了です Absolutely. 少しお待ちください Now, our experimental groups. 研究者がいくつか質問をします Remember, they will be seeing posters that remind them 死を連想させるポスターの効果を確かめたい of their own mortality, 1つ聞きたいんだけど― and will be asked different questions 待合室のポスターに気づいた? in their questionnaire. ええ 死に関わるものばかり For example... そうか The point is to prime their mortality salience. 中に入ると墓石が見えて驚いたわ Let's see if this group is more punitive そうだね towards worldview violations. - 何事かと - 分かるよ After raising millions of dollars 恐怖管理理論という考え方を研究しています to fund education for needy children, その理論の基本的な考えは― a fundraising manager fled with all the money 「死の意識は行動に影響する」です and was arrested months later in Tasmania. 我々は世界観に重きを置くことで― 1: three months in prison; 死の恐怖を管理していると言われているのです 7: ten years in prison. 我々の基盤は社会や文化や アイデンティティーだからね Please answer now. この部屋に入ってからも死について考えた人は? Okay, he's thinking about it. 自分の世界観に反する人を責めようとしていた Please hold up your answers. - 分かったよ - 感情が出た All right. Thank you so much. 有益な実験になったよ Ah, okay. - ご協力ありがとう - 感謝するよ [woman] An imposter with no medical training ポスターの効果はあったが― posed as a surgeon and bungled a minor operation 被験者は実験との関連性に気づかなかった to remove a child's tonsils. 対照群の被験者の平均値は4.5だが― 1: six months on probation; 実験群の被験者の平均値は4.7に近い 7: ten years in prison. わずかな差ではあるが実験群の被験者は― -They are thinking a lot more. -Yeah. 予測どおりの結果を出した -[Sheldon] Wow. -[Michael] A 10. だがこの程度の差なら無視できる I'm pretty sure she knows that 7 is the highest. もっと実験をしたいね [Jeff] We'll call it a 7. あの人数では統計的に有意ではない It's funny to see when people feel bold enough, 今日の実験で死の意識の影響を感じた? even though I'm breaking the bounds - 実験群のほうが考える時間が少し長かった - 同感だ and the rules of the task. 正しい判断をしようとする努力が感じられた An anti-government protester was arrested - その差は注目に値する - そうだな for spray-painting profanities at the Lincoln Memorial 死を連想させる方法を練る必要はありますが― in Washington, D.C. 2つの群における回答時間の差は明らかでした [Sheldon] I really do appreciate the way 対照群の被験者は 平均4分46秒で答えましたが― they clearly seem to be taking a bit more time 実験群の被験者は平均で7分18秒かかりました -to deliberate. -Yeah. ある意味 予想どおりの結果だ Okay, they can put the papers down, 死を想定している人間は 正しい行動を取りたいと感じる and tell them that we will be in shortly. 陪審員をしたら より真剣に判断するだろう [woman] Okay, thank you so much. 今日よく分かったが 確かめたいことは1つじゃない We've finished with this part of the study. できるだけ慎重に不確実なことを減らすんだ So if you won't mind hanging out for a moment, 少しずつ理解を深めるのが大事だ and our researchers will be in here in a moment 今回の実験で 恐怖管理には まだ研究の余地があることが分かりました to ask you a couple questions. 私が特に興味を持ったのは― [Michael] Let's find out if the reminders of mortality 死を意識すると偏狭な考え方になること we showed our experimental group were salient enough. それと同時に より深く考えているように見えた [Jeff] Let me ask you about one thing. もう少し調べてみたい Out in the waiting room, もしかすると― did you all notice the posters at all? 死の影響は悪いものばかりではないかも [woman] Yes, they are all death-related. 同時に相反した考えを持てるのか Okay. All right. つまり自然死の消滅を望みつつ― Yeah. 死を受け入れることもできるのか -That's right. -[all laugh] 私は少なくとも すぐには死にたくない So we are looking into でも将来の死を受け入れ 恐怖を抑えて― something that's called Terror Management Theory. 強くて誠実な人間になれるのかを知りたい And it's the idea that your own awareness of your mortality 頼りになる友人がいます can affect the behaviors that you exhibit. ケイトリン・ドーティは― That we all manage the terror that we feel 葬儀屋で作家で死を肯定する活動家です knowing that we are mortal, by behaving in certain ways, 多くの人が目を背ける死の側面を― especially in ways that reinforce our own worldviews. 生涯を通じ 論じています Because we could kind of live on through the societies こう言う人にはどう答える? and cultures and identities that we have today. 「私は死を恐ろしいことだと思います」 [Jeff] Did any of you feel like you were still thinking 「今 自分が存在していることも怖い」 a little bit about death when you came in here? 死にそうな人のセリフ? I was definitely going after people who transgressed - 私のセリフだと仮定して - いいわよ against my worldview, to use your term. いくつか言いたい -Yes, I noticed that. -I was definitely doing that. まず それは人間の 存在がもたらす根源的苦悩ということ [Michael] So this was incredibly helpful. 何十億という人々が同じように感じているわ -[Jeff] Yeah. -[Michael] Thank you very much. あなただけじゃない [Jeff] Thanks so much. I appreciate. 人間は ある程度の年齢に達すると― [Michael] It looks like our experimental stimuli were successful. 愛する人も皆 死ぬことを理解し始める They were salient, but didn't cause the participants 強烈で痛みを伴う現実ね to think they were related to the study. その事実を知った瞬間から 私たちは防御機構を発動して― The control participants averaged about 4.5. 生活に取り入れるの The experimental participants were close to 4.7, 具体的には? if we round up. 分かりやすいのは子供を持つことね So there's a slight tendency for the experimental people 本や映像作品などの創作活動もその1つよ to be leaning in the direction that we predicted. 狡猾な方法としては戦争も挙げられるわ But we're talking about 侵略行為や他人を顧みずに 金儲けをすることも同じよ relatively inconsequential differences. すべて死の否定の証しね That's right. It just makes me hungry to run more people. 「私にはお金がある 力があるから大丈夫」 And with the number that we had, 人は死ぬという事実から逃れたつもりになるの that's statistically insignificant. 本当は誰も死からは逃れられないのに― Do you think that we did see any effects そう信じ込もうとする of mortality salience today? 欧米文化と死の関係は どう特徴づけられる? [Jeff] I feel like the mortality salient groups 150年前のアメリカを考えて tended to think a little longer before responding. 夫が死んだ場合 妻がすべての面倒を見てた Yeah, me too. 夫の体を清めて 隣人に頼んでひつぎを作る [Jeff] And they seemed more thoughtful. 夫をひつぎに入れて 肩に乗せて運び― -They were really-- -They put more effort into it, 自分たちで掘った穴に入れる into trying to do the right thing. すべて自分でやらなきゃならない The difference was dramatic enough that we picked up on it. でも20世紀に入って大きな変化があった -Absolutely. -Although our stimuli 病院が定着して家で死ぬことはなくなり― might need to go through more passes and more vetting, 葬儀場の普及で 死への対応は外注するようになった we did find an interesting difference 食肉処理場も生まれたわ in the time it took 突然 食品製造と畜殺は人目に触れなくなったの for our groups to respond. 都会に住む私たちは何でも人に頼む Our control group took an average すべてが死を拒絶することに つながってる of 4 minutes and 46 seconds to decide on their punishments, 死を受け入れるとはどういうこと? but our experimental group 完全に受け入れることは難しいと思う took an average of 7 minutes, 18 seconds. でも死を受け入れることは― In a sense, that really is the prediction. 自己認識と強い関連があるの The right thing by their own worldview, 恐怖を隠してると自覚しないと 受け入れる準備はできない but by the same token, when we think about death, 死に対する考え方として残念なのは― we want to do what's right. 死んだら終わりだと思って 学ぶことを放棄する人がいることだ And if we're acting like jurors, 目的を失ってる we want to make the right decisions. 死を意識すると余計に「学びたい」と― As we very much learned today, 感じるでしょう? the goal isn't to prove one thing one way or the other. 終わりがなくても― It's just to reduce uncertainty... カメラを抱えて取材に走り回るかしら -That's correct. -...in the most careful way. - 番組のために - しないね Absolutely. To know a little bit more today than yesterday. 「200年後にやるさ」と思ってしまうはずよ [Jeff] Yeah. でも 今のあなたは取り込んだ情報を使って― [Michael] Our pilot test shows 面白い番組を作りたいと思ってる that there's still a lot to discover - 1度きりのチャンスだから - そうね about terror management 人生に終わりがあるから 情熱が生まれるの and many promising ways to do it. 死に感謝しないと I'm particularly intrigued by our observation よくない考え方の例はある? that for all the closed-mindedness 「クラウドに脳をアップロードしたい」と 言って― mortality salience appears to cause, 不死を追求する人が心配だわ it also lead to what looked like 誰もが永遠に生きられるという考えは― increased consideration and thought. 環境的観点から見ても 決して正しい理解とは言えない I'd love to see more research on that idea. 地球の可能性が広がる新たな時代の 夜明けがやってきます But the point is this: 80年後 100年後 200年後の世界は どうなっているでしょう if death's effects aren't all entirely bad, 知りたいと思いませんか? [アルコー] what if, instead of, 死を避けたい人がいる理由を知るため― or at least at the same time アルコー延命財団を訪ねました that we hope for the abolition of natural death, - やあ リンダ - こんにちは we also find a way to accept it? - こんにちは - ようこそアルコーへ Now, obviously I don't want to die, at least not soon. よろしく But accepting the inevitability of my own death リンダは46年前にアルコーを共同設立しました and being less afraid of it feels powerful and honest. この場所が― I'd like to learn what that looks like. 人間を冷凍保存し保管する場所ですね And I have a friend who can help. ええ 約160人の患者がいます I'm paying a visit to Caitlin Doughty, 会員数は― a mortician, author, and death positivity activist, 若干の変動はありますが 1,190人ほどです who has made an entire career out of discussing 会員というのは存命で… the aspects of death that most of us prefer to ignore. 申し込みをしている人です What do you say to someone who comes to you and says, 冷凍保存されると「患者」になります "I think death is terrifying. It's... なぜ彼らを「患者」と呼ぶのですか? "so scary and sad 我々にとって 死は流動的で― that I'm just here now"? 生か死かの二択ではありません Is this person dying, or is this person...? 我々は死にゆく過程を 徐々に止めようとしているのです This person is me in front of you right now. アルコーの患者になるには 最初に8万~20万ドル支払います This person is you. Okay, so... そして死ぬ I would tell you a couple things. 厳密に言えば臨床的な意味での死で― First, you're dealing with the primal existential quandary 一般的には心肺停止を指します of human existence. そこから作業が始まります -Yes. -And you are one of, you know, 2種類の項目から選んでもらいます the many billions of people who have felt this. 「全身」か「ニューロ」です So you're not alone in feeling this way. ニューロは頭のこと? So we go through life-- We reach a certain age, そうですね 具体的には 鎖骨より上の部分を指します and we begin to understand 私の家族は全員がニューロを申し込んでいます that someday ourselves and everyone we love will die. - そうですか - 技術を理解している人の多くがそうです And that's powerful, painful knowledge. 全身を選ぶのは感情的な要因が大きい And I think from that moment, そうでしょうね We have to start developing defense mechanisms 体を切り取って廃棄することに 共感できないのです to handle that and to integrate that into our lives. 全身患者の場合を説明します So, what are those defense mechanisms? その時が来ると患者を浴槽に入れます I think that the more obvious ones would be having a child, 浴槽には砕いた氷と水が入っています writing a book, making a TV show, 胸部圧迫器で心臓を再び動かし― creating a legacy of some kind. 挿管することで肺機能を再開し 冷たい空気を循環させます But there's also a more insidious version, つまり動静脈と血管系と心臓が― which is war. 循環を続けていなければならない Taking other countries. ここが手術室です Being rich and being okay with other people being poor. 通常 患者をそのドアから入れて― I think those are all signs of death denial. 特別に開発したこの手術台に載せます They're all saying, それから手術台に 窒素ガスを循環させることで― "But I'm okay, because I have this money, 体を外から冷やします "or I have this power, or I have these kind of dark impulses 全身患者の場合は医師が胸を開き― that allow me to say, at least I can outrun death in that way." 移植用の臓器保存液を循環させます And, of course, that's not true. 手術室に入ると患者の血液を 臓器移植液に置換し― No one can outrun death. 血管系を循環させることで 急速に内部まで冷やします But you can trick yourself into believing that. 組織内の水が氷点に達する直前に― So how would you characterize 抗凍結液を導入し凍結を予防します the Western relationship to death? 氷の結晶による軟組織の破壊を防ぎます Take America 150 years ago. 「ガラス化保存」過程です If you were my husband and you died, - ニューロの患者がここに着いたら… - まだ全身の状態? I would be entirely in charge of you. ええ 医師がまず分離をします I would wash your body. - なるほど - 鎖骨より下から頭部を切り離します I would get the neighbor to make a wooden coffin for you. 切り取った頭部をここに運び― We would put you in the coffin and carry you on our shoulders, この台に載せます to the grave which someone had dug themselves. 血を抜き 代わりに臓器保存液を導入します -Right. -It would have been 人間の頭部がここにあるのを想像してます an entirely self-sufficient process. 固定するんですよね But what happened around the turn of the 20th century この部屋は想像を超えたSF映画のようだが― is really three big things in my mind. 現実です One, you had the rise of hospitals. そうですよ So people were no longer dying at home. ガラス化作業が完了すると― You had the rise of funeral homes, 患者は金属のケースが付いた袋に入れられます which means that we are now outsourcing our death. そしてデュワーと呼ばれる 液体窒素入りの筒状のタンクへ The third one is slaughterhouses. この患者収容区画には159人の患者がいます So all of a sudden, all food production - このタンクに? - そうです and the killing of animals is also hidden as well. 1つのタンクに9人の患者が入っています And we live in our suburban houses, 4人が全身で5人がニューロ where all those things are outsourced. このタンクには― And it's just these layers and layers of denial around death. - 私の夫が入っているんです - これですか But what does it mean to accept death? ええ フレッドがここにいるの I don't think that you ever truly accept death. 母と義父が入ってるタンクは― But I believe that the movement toward accepting death これです involves really true self-awareness ここは墓地じゃないですよね 不思議な感じがします about where you're hiding your fears of death. アルコーは救急車に近いですね That's where real awareness and acceptance can come from. 愛する人を今の病院ではなく 未来の病院に収容するのです For me, the thing that's just such a bummer about death 技術で救える時代のね is that I just am done. 移動するのは空間でなく… I don't get to continue learning things 時間 and seeing what happens. 時間を旅する救急車を作る意欲は どこから湧いたのか And I'm just not part of Earth anymore. アルコーのCEO マックス・モアに聞きます Isn't death kind of what gives you that passion, 冷凍保存された人体を再生するには― when you think about it? まだ時間を要しますか? Like, I love learning, I love ideas. 数十年もすれば 全員を再生することができるでしょう If you didn't have an end point, are you going to come in here 冷凍保存している卵子 精子 皮膚 角膜などは単一組織だから― with all these cameras and do the huge amount of legwork プロセスを逆転するだけでいい -that creating a show requires? -No. 臓器となると少し複雑ですが― No. Right. Because you're like, "I don't know, maybe I'll do it 数年前に実験を行っています 200 years from now." 化学物質を使って ミミズにエサの場所を記憶させ― Whereas right now, you're taking in information left and right, 冷凍保存してから再生しました because you want to produce content. その後 エサを使って実験したところ― You want to produce exciting things 記憶が残っていました and share with other people... 記憶が残ることを証明できたので 次の段階に進めます -Because this is my one chance. -This is your one chance. 全身の再生は まだですが 少しずつ成果を出したいですね The passion and the realness to life comes from an ending. 「人間は死ぬべきか」という問いについては? That's the great gift that death gives us. - 死を避けることで何かを失う? - 言いたいことは分かります What's an unhealthy relationship to have to your own mortality? 奴隷制や天然痘を排除した時も 何かが失われました The pursuit of immortality, 人は何とか死を正当化しようとする and the pursuit of, "I will stay alive 我々は今 悲劇的状況にあると思います until I can upload my brain into the cloud." 知識が増えていく一方で― That worries me. 認知機能や身体機能が衰える The idea that everyone is just allowed 現状はよくないと言えます to live forever from here on out 両面の能力を上げられたら? is not environmentally sensible. 何百年も生き もっと賢くなれる It's not-- You know, it's just not a sensible position to take. 時間が無限にあれば より成熟し洞察力も高まる [narrator] We are seeing the dawn 皆が成熟した人間になれば 世界は今より よくなります of a new era of possibilities unfold 異を唱える人もいます on planet Earth. 「死が人生に意味を与える」 What will our amazing world be like in, say, 80, デタラメだ 100, or even 200 years from now? 90歳まで生きるはずだった人が 45歳で殺されたら― Wouldn't you like the possibility 人生の意味が倍になりますか? of finding out? 人生は積み重ねだから 長いほど深く豊かになり― [Michael] To understand why some people より有意義になるはずです feel like death shouldn't be inevitable, 話を聞いて気づきました I've come to Alcor, 私は死を正当化して 死を受け入れる理屈を探しています one of the world's leading life extension facilities. 死の容認が不健全とは思えない -Linda. Hi, I'm Michael. -Hi, how are you? 殺される可能性は否めないが― -Great to meet you. -Nice to meet you too. 1つ強調して言わせてください -Welcome to Alcor. -Thank you for having me here. 我々は「永遠」や「不死」をうたってはいない I'm meeting Linda Chamberlin, 生き返る機会を提供してるだけです who co-founded Alcor nearly 46 years ago. 不死ではなく延命の手助けを しようとしているのです So this facility that we are in right now 我々は いつか人間を冷凍保存し― is where you both cryo-preserve people and store them. 再生することができるのでしょうか [Linda] Yes. We have 160 patients. できるでしょう -Wow. -And we have 冷凍保存は死の意味を変えると思います eleven hundred and ninety-something members. 生活を改善する医療技術の突破口につながる -It changes. -And a member is someone しかし私は延命を永久に望むでしょうか -who is alive today but has... -Alive today. 確かに死は忌むべきものです They've made the arrangements for this. でも世界は私がいなくても困らない Once they are cryo-preserved, they become patients. 何十億年もそうでした You're using the word "patient." 私の存在は重要だから 死んではいけない? -Yes. -Okay. できるだけ長く生きるべき? Tell me about why you use that word. それとも後世にバトンを渡すべき? For us, death is not something which is like an on/off switch. 私は延命をするべきでしょうか One second you're alive, the next second you're dead. あるいは その時が来たら死を決意して― -Mm-hmm. -What we are trying to do 借りものの体を返すべきか is to slow down and stop the dying process. 正解はない [Michael] To become a patient at Alcor, 人それぞれ判断は異なり またそうあるべきです first you have to pay between 80 and $200,000 私もずっと考えています Then you have to die, 再びケイトリンと― or more specifically, be pronounced clinically dead. 私自身の死について話します This generally means that your heart and lungs 改めて よろしく have stopped functioning. 君と話した後 アルコーを訪ねた At that point, Alcor can begin their work. 人間を再生する技術が発明されなければ― Now, there are two ways that a person could sign up 患者は死んだままだが 彼らは未来に期待を寄せてる for this procedure. 恐怖管理理論の研究もした There's a whole-body patient, or as a neuro. 実は2週間前に祖母が亡くなったんだ Oh, and does "neuro" just mean head? それは お気の毒に It means, yes, the cephalon, actually, 父と同じく祖母も火葬された which is all of the structures down to about the clavicle. 私は自分が死んだ時に― -Uh-huh. -I'm a neuro. どうしたいのか 何も決めてなかった Everybody in my family, who's now in stasis, is a neuro. - 今すぐ死んでしまう可能性もある - そうね -Really? -Most of the people だから意思表示をしておくよ who really understand the technology are neuros. 私が選んだ答えは その時が来たら― The primary reason that people choose whole body is emotional. 自分の存在はなくなっていい -Of course. -And they're not comfortable 自分の原子や分子を宇宙に戻す with the idea of their body being removed and discarded. 死にたいと決めたんだ So let's say that our patient is whole body. 正しい決断をしてくれてうれしいわ The moment the patient is pronounced, 緑に包まれた墓地で 自然な形で埋葬してもらい― they go into an ice bath. 虫や植物のエサになって土に戻りたい And this is just crushed ice. でも「ここが彼の墓だ」と皆が訪ねてくれる― And it's water in there as well. 場所がいい Their heart has started again with a mechanical thumper. あなたが埋葬された場所に― They're intubated, and their lungs are functioning again. ディスクを埋めて GPSで位置情報を知らせるのよ Being ventilated. 自生の植物を再生させる自然の墓地がいいわ Circulating the cooler temperatures. 自分の木も植えられる Yeah, yeah, yeah. So you need the veins, 最初に渡すのは「高度な指示」と呼ばれるもの the arteries, the vasculature, the heart. - そうか - これは必須よ You need all of those continuing to pump and circulate. あなた自身があなたの体の― [Linda] This is our operating room. 責任者を具体的に指名するの [Michael] Wow. 死んだ直後や埋葬の仕方も含めて 責任を持つ人よ So basically, すべて一任するの when the patient comes in through the door there, 埋葬だけでなく死の過程に関する決定か they'll go into this specially developed operating table. 前後を含めてね It is going to be circulating nitrogen gas over them それは興味深い to help cool them externally. 我々にとって未知の選択です And if it's a whole-body patient, 死に際して選べるのは― then the surgeons open the chest, 火葬か防腐処理か腐敗かだけでした and then we begin circulating the organ transplant solution. でも今は死の扉の前で立ち止まり― [Michael] Once in the operating room, 待つこともできます the patient's blood is replaced でも私はそうしない with cooled organ transplant fluid 正式に手続きをしました and circulated through the vascular system - やったわね - ああ to rapidly cool down the internal - 完了だ - 気分は? and external temperatures of the body. 妙なことに気分がいい Just before the water within the body tissue 人生だけでなく自分の死を変える決断だ reaches its freezing point, 決断してくれてうれしいわ cryo-protective fluids are introduced. ありがとう These act like antifreeze, ジェフとシェルドンから死の影響力を学びました preventing the formation of ice crystals ケイトリンにも感謝の意を that could damage soft tissue. マックスが提供する延命のチャンスも尊重します This is called the vitrification process. そして番組をご覧の皆さん Now, say that it is a neuro patient. ご視聴ありがとう -So they come in first here. -Yup, their whole body. Right. The surgeons will do the neuro separation first. -Okay, yeah, that makes sense. -Separate the cephalon, which is all of the structures down to about the clavicle. Bring it over here to this operating field. We'll wash the blood out. And we introduce the organ transplant solution. I'm imagining a person's cephalon, essentially their head, in here. I can see how it's going to get clamped in. [Linda] Yeah. [Michael] That looks like, I'm sure, a crazy sci-fi movie. -But it really happens. -It really happens. [Michael] After the vitrification process is complete, the patients are placed inside bags that are attached to open metal cases, which are then placed inside cylindrical tanks filled with liquid nitrogen, called dewars. So this is our patient care bay. We have 159 patients. -In these tanks right here? -In these tanks. There are approximately nine patients in each one of these. Four whole bodies and five neuros. This one right here is where my husband is currently housed. -This one right here? -Right. This is where Fred is at the moment. My mother and my father-in-law are... in this one. [Michael] Wow, it's so weird, because I am right now not in a graveyard. No. Alcor is very much like an ambulance taking their loved ones to a hospital not down the street, -but a hospital in the future. -Yeah. When technology can help them. They're not being transported through space, -but through time. -Time. [Michael] To see what drives this time-traveling ambulance, I'm going to sit down with Max More, Alcor's CEO, and a future neuro patient. So, Max, what's the status of the technology needed to revive cryo-preserved specimens? -Are we getting closer? -We are getting closer. It's going to be decades, at least, before we can bring back whole human beings. But we already cryo-preserve eggs, sperm, microbes of skin, corneas, heart valves, all kinds of things. So those are single tissues. And we can reverse that process. -Mm-hmm. -You move from that to an organ, things get more difficult. But we actually did an experiment a few years ago. We took this little tiny worm. We used a certain chemical so we'd learn that, oh, my food's over here and not over here. And we cryo-preserved them. And then we just waited, brought them back, and then we tested them. We were able to demonstrate with the memory test that the ones that have received the training retained that memory. So it was the first time any organism we've proven to survive with memory. So now we're asking, okay, what's the next step? Because whole organisms are difficult to reverse right now. But step by step, the more progress we can make, -the more convincing this is. -Wow. When it comes to extending life, some questions come up, like, "should people die?" I know we don't like the idea of death. -I know what you're getting at. -But you lose something by getting rid of death. Yeah, we'll lose something like we lost something when we got rid of slavery or smallpox. So I think people... people are tying themselves in knots to rationalize death. I believe that, right now, we're kind of in this tragic situation where, over time, hopefully you kind of learn. Your wisdom grows over time. At the same time, your cognitive and physical health is declining. That really sucks. That's a bad situation. What if they both could keep going up indefinitely? So you could live for hundreds of years or longer, and get smarter, and more knowledgeable, and wiser. Hopefully more mature, and have more foresight because you got a much longer planning horizon. What we'll have is a world of, I call, ultra-mature people, which I think will actually be a better world than the one we have today. And if they say, well-- And this comes up all the time. They say, "Well, death is what gives life meaning." Bullshit, okay? If that was true, then would they also advocate people who live to 90 should be killed off at 45? Will that double the meaning in their life? In fact, I think life gets more meaning the longer you live, because you can build on what you've done before. So if anything, it increases the meaningfulness of life, in my view. You're making me realize that, in many ways, I am rationalizing death. I'm looking for ways to excuse it and accept it. I don't think it's unhealthy to accept that you are mortal. Well, I have to accept it, because I could get killed at any time. One thing I have to stress, because every article written, they always have to use the word "forever," or "immortality." And that's not on the table here. We're just offering a chance for people to be revived when we've beaten aging. And eventually something's going to get you. So we're not offering immortality. We're offering an unknown extension of human lifespan. Do I think that someday we will be able to cryonically freeze an entire person and then revive them? Yes, I do. I believe that cryopreservation will change the meaning of death, and lead to breakthroughs in medical technology that will improve all of our lives. But do I want to extend my life indefinitely? Well, on the one hand, obviously death is a bummer. But on the other, the universe managed fine without me for billions of years. Am I really so important that it should never not have me again? Should I be around as long as possible? Or do those who will come later deserve their own world? Should I try to extend my life? Or should I decide to die when my time comes and return all this matter I'm borrowing back to the world? Well, I don't think there's a right answer. It's a personal choice we each get to make, and should be able to make. And I've been thinking about it a lot. So I'm going to speak again with my friend Caitlin, the mortician, to confront my own mortality. Well, Caitlin, thanks for meeting with me again. I've been surrounded by death lately. Spoke to you. I visited Alcor. And, you know, if we never invented technology to bring people back, then the Alcor patients are dead. But they have that hope. I worked on Terror Management Theory. And I even had a loved one pass away just two weeks ago. -My grandmother. -Oh, I'm sorry to hear that. She was cremated, as was my father. And I realized, you know, I've never made a clear decision about what should happen to me. Because I just figured I'll figure that out when I'm older. -But I could die at any time. -You sure could. So I want to be prepared. And I want my wishes to be known. -Yeah. -So I have decided when that moment comes, I want it to be my final moment of existence. I want to give all my atoms and molecules back to the universe. And I've decided that I want to die. Oh, I'm so glad you've made that decision. And you've come to the right place. I want to be naturally buried. I want to have a green burial. You know, become worm food and plant food. I want it all to go back to earth. But I kind of want a place where people can come to be like, that's where he was buried. So there's everything from just little discs in the ground where you are, to GPS that locates you, to natural cemeteries that are trying to reintroduce native plants. -Yeah, yeah, yeah. -So, you know, you can have your own Joshua tree. So the first thing I'm going to give you to give a look over is what's called an advanced directive. -Okay. -And everybody needs to have one of these. And why it's so important is that it's you not only designating someone to be in charge of your body as you're dying, right after you die, and then with however you decide to dispose of it. But also who that person is. So this isn't just about burial. This is dying. It's about death, dying, death and after death. -Interesting. -Mm-hmm. [Michael] A choice like this is extremely new to humans. It used to be your only options upon death were cremation, embalming, or rotting away. But today, you can chose to pause yourself at death's door until the door has been moved somewhere else. But I've decided not to do that. So I'm ready to make this official. -Fire in the hole. -Okay. -Whoo! All right. -How do you feel? Weirdly, I feel very relaxed and good. It was kind of life-changing, but what it really was was death-changing. Ha, well, thank you, and I'm glad you've decided to die. Thank you. Jeff and Sheldon, thank you for showing me the power of death's influence. Caitlin, thank you for helping me accept it. Max, thank you for the work you are doing and the opportunities you are offering humanity. And, all you out there, as always, thanks for watching.
B1 中級 日本語 米 実験 患者 被験 恐怖 保存 服役 死ぬべきか? (Should I Die?) 64 0 qikangli09 に公開 2021 年 01 月 14 日 シェア シェア 保存 報告 動画の中の単語