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  • - [Instructor] In other videos,

  • we've already talked about how Classical Greece

  • has had an immeasurable impact

  • not just on Western civilization,

  • but on civilization as a whole.

  • In order to understand the period

  • that we call Classical Greece,

  • it's valuable to place it in context on a timeline,

  • so I have significant conflicts or events

  • that happened to the Greek world on this timeline,

  • especially in the fifth and fourth centuries BCE

  • In the beginning of the fifth century BCE,

  • you have the Greco-Persian Wars,

  • where the Greek city states are able to fend off attack

  • from the great Persian Empire,

  • and then they go on the offensive.

  • But as we exit the fifth century BCE,

  • the city states start fighting amongst themselves.

  • You have Athens leading the Delian League

  • in a fight against Sparta and their allies,

  • which significantly weakens the city states.

  • It ends with Athens losing,

  • but all of the city states have been weakened,

  • and it leaves them open to be conquered by the Macedonians,

  • in particular Phillip of Macedonia,

  • and then his son Alexander the Great

  • is able to not just keep control

  • of Greece, of the city states,

  • but conquer Egypt and Persia

  • and get all the way to modern day Afghanistan and Pakistan,

  • but after his death,

  • you then have his successors,

  • and Greece falls under the Antigonid dynasty.

  • But eventually as we get into the second

  • and first century BCE,

  • it goes under Roman control,

  • and we've talked about this Classical period,

  • all of the various contributions.

  • We've talked about the contributions in philosophy,

  • from people like Socrates,

  • and Socrates's student Plato,

  • and Plato's student Aristotle,

  • but there were also significant contributions

  • in mathematics.

  • You have Pythagoras,

  • who actually predates these philosophers,

  • and he's most famous, especially to many of us,

  • for his Pythagorean Theorem

  • and a lot of mathematics

  • and the foundations of a lot of geometry.

  • But he and his followers,

  • they were actually creating something of a mysticism,

  • of a religion around mathematics,

  • and even a philosophy that would later influence

  • some of the other philosophers that we talk about,

  • especially this ideal of ideal platonic forms.

  • You can imagine, if you're studying perfect right triangles,

  • there's no such thing as a perfect right triangle

  • in the universe.

  • These are ideas that we use in geometry,

  • and other things in the universe

  • are really just approximations of these,

  • but to appreciate the philosophical side of Pythagoras,

  • here are some quotes from him,

  • or quotes ascribed to him.

  • "There is geometry in the humming of the strings.

  • "There is music in the spacing of the spheres.

  • "Reason is immortal, all else mortal."

  • And you see even in the sixth century BCE

  • this thread of Greek thinking,

  • putting reason at a very high level,

  • not just trying to explain everything

  • with pure mysticism,

  • although Pythagoras definitely was,

  • and Pythagoreanism was definitely about mysticism,

  • but it was mysticism that at the core

  • had mathematics and geometry.

  • But continuing on with significant

  • mathematical contributions from ancient Greece,

  • we have Euclid.

  • We don't know all of the exact details

  • of his birth and his death,

  • but he is the Father of Modern Geometry,

  • and as you can see in this map here,

  • he didn't live in what we call Greece proper today.

  • He lived in Alexandria,

  • a city established by Alexander the Great,

  • and this is during the Hellenistic Period

  • where all of the territory,

  • or most of the territory that had been conquered

  • by Alexander the Great was still ruled by his successors.

  • Egypt was ruled by Ptolemy,

  • establishing the Ptolemaic dynasty

  • in the time of Euclid,

  • and Euclid lived in that great center

  • of learning and the arts, Alexandria,

  • which even exists today,

  • and he is most famous for his Elements.

  • This is a much later printing of his Elements,

  • of Euclid's eEements,

  • but you would be amazed how much of modern geometry

  • has been described by Euclid.

  • Even your geometry textbook can trace it back

  • directly to Euclid's Elements.

  • Abraham Lincoln famously learned every proof

  • in Euclid's Elements in order to fine tune his mind.

  • So you can really view Euclid

  • as the Father of Geometry,

  • but that's not all.

  • There are many other contributors in philosophy and math,

  • and this is just, once again, a sample

  • of all of the folks who contributed.

  • On the side of philosophy,

  • you have Xenophon,

  • who was another one of Socrates' students

  • in addition to Plato,

  • and in fact, the life of Socrates

  • we learn from the writings of Plato and Xenophon.

  • Xenophon was also a historian

  • who gave us some accounts of the later Peloponnesian War.

  • You have the famous cynics,

  • Antisthenes and his student Diogenes,

  • Diogenes, famous for living in a barrel in Athens,

  • and somewhat insulting Alexander the Great.

  • But these cynics, which the word is derived

  • from being dog like,

  • these are people who were philosophers

  • who gave up the trappings of materialism

  • and caring, frankly, what other people thought.

  • As we go a little bit out of our timeline right over here,

  • you have Archimedes,

  • one of the greatest mathematicians

  • and scientists of all time,

  • but you also have contributions in the arts,

  • some of the most famous playwrights of the ancient time,

  • Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides.

  • Aristophanes, we might remember as being a bit

  • of a thorn in the side of Socrates.

  • He wrote about Socrates,

  • but it was more of a parody.

  • You have contributions in medicine,

  • the famous Hippocrates.

  • The Hippocratic Oath still has an influence

  • on modern medicine.

  • You have some of the earliest what we could say historians

  • that we know of,

  • Herodotus, famously giving us the accounts we have

  • of the Greco-Persian Wars,

  • a lot of what we even know

  • about the ancient Persian Empire.

  • You have Thucydides,

  • who gives us accounts of the Peloponnesian War

  • along with Xenophon.

  • And so when you see this density

  • of arts, sciences, learning

  • in one place,

  • a lot of this was centered in Athens.

  • It makes you wonder what was going on at that time,

  • and historians do call the period

  • from when the Athenians were able to fend off the Persians

  • all the way until the end of the Peloponnesian War

  • as the Golden Age of Athens,

  • and for good reason.

  • Look at this flourishing of the arts and the sciences

  • that developed during that period.

  • You might wonder what was happening in terms of government,

  • and government of this period might be one

  • of the longest lasting influences.

  • As we exit the sixth century BCE in 507,

  • you have Greek Democracy taking root in Athens,

  • and in fact, the word democracy is a Greek word,

  • government by the people.

  • And shortly after that,

  • during the Golden Age of Athens,

  • you start having leadership by Pericles.

  • He was an orator.

  • He was a statesman.

  • He was a general.

  • In this period right over here

  • that I have in orange,

  • often known as the Age of Pericles,

  • he helped Athens invest significantly

  • in the arts and in architecture.

  • Some of the most iconic structures

  • we now associate with Greece or ancient Greece

  • were built during his time.

  • They were promoted by him.

  • Here you have a picture of the Acropolis,

  • which is this rock outcropping,

  • which still exists in Athens

  • as it likely looked during the time of Pericles,

  • during the Golden Age of Athens,

  • and you can see here in particular

  • the most famous structure.

  • The Parthenon, a lot of which still stands today,

  • was constructed under the rule of Pericles.

  • As I mentioned, the Greek city states get conquered

  • by the Macedonians,

  • but after the death of Alexander the Great,

  • falls under the control of the Antigonid dynasty,

  • but eventually, as we get into the second century BCE,

  • off of this timeline,

  • it comes under Roman control,

  • becomes part of the Roman Empire.

  • But the Roman Empire is itself significantly influenced

  • by Greek culture, Greek mathematics,

  • Greek architecture, Greek philosophy,

  • and in a lot of ways,

  • the Romans end up becoming the caretakers

  • of much of this culture that we talk about in this video,

  • and once you have the decline of the Roman Empire,

  • especially the western Roman Empire,

  • and Europe enters into the Middle Ages,

  • you have the Islamic world that acts

  • as a bit of a bridge

  • of this Greek culture into the European Renaissance

  • and eventually the Enlightenment.

  • And so we can trace even our modern views

  • of science and philosophy

  • all the way back to these Greeks,

  • and so I'll leave you with this quote

  • from the Roman poet Horace

  • who wrote this around the first century BCE.

  • "Captive Greece took captive her fierce conqueror

  • "and instilled her arts in rustic Latium," or Laecium.

  • And so what he's saying is,

  • even though Rome had conquered Greece,

  • Greece's culture took captive her conqueror,

  • took captive the Roman culture,

  • instilled Greece's arts in the rustic Latin world.

- [Instructor] In other videos,

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アテネの黄金時代、ペリクレスとギリシャ文化 (Golden Age of Athens, Pericles and Greek Culture | )

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    Amy.Lin に公開 2021 年 01 月 14 日
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