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  • Hello I'm Emma from mmmEnglish!

  • So tell me,

  • what type of words are these?

  • They're modal verbs.

  • Now, I've been getting lots of questions

  • about modal verbs from you lately

  • so, I'm going to share some useful tips

  • to help you use them a little more

  • effectively when you're speaking English.

  • Now, these modal verbs are auxiliary verbs,

  • just like be, do and have

  • because they work together with a main verb.

  • You always have a modal verb with a main verb

  • and the main verb that follows is always

  • in the bare infinitive form - without to.

  • I could go..

  • You should take...

  • They would like...

  • Paul may borrow...

  • Now, these modal verbs are used in English

  • to express something.

  • They have a purpose!

  • So, we need to try and understand that purpose today.

  • Now, they can be used to talk about

  • possibility and probability.

  • To talk about how likely something is.

  • Now, remember you're always using that modal verb

  • with a main verb.

  • So, how likely is it that that action will happen?

  • Are you certain?

  • You're sure. You're confident that will happen.

  • Is it probable?

  • Is it likely to happen?

  • Is there a good chance it will happen?

  • Is it possible?

  • Or is it unlikely?

  • Now, in all of these situations

  • you can use a modal verb to explain how certain you are

  • that something will happen,

  • how possible something is.

  • Now, these same modal verbs can also be used

  • to explain 'ability'.

  • So, how able you are to do something.

  • They can be used to ask permission, make requests

  • and offer help.

  • In fact there's quite a few different uses

  • so I'm going to split this lesson in two.

  • And I'm doing this because I want to take this slowly.

  • I don't want you to feel overwhelmed and confused,

  • so let's just take one step at a time.

  • In this lesson,

  • I'll talk about how we use modal verbs to talk about

  • certainty, probability and possibility.

  • So, this is how likely something is to happen.

  • Or, if it's possible at all!

  • And the next lesson

  • will focus on ability and the other uses.

  • So, try not to worry about them right now.

  • But, make sure that if you're not a subscriber

  • you click that red button and subscribe so that

  • you find out when that next lesson is available.

  • Okay so let's start with probability,

  • how likely something is to happen.

  • Now, we use 'will' to talk about the future,

  • when we're confident that something will happen.

  • We believe it. We're certain it's true.

  • The sun will rise tomorrow.

  • (I'm) pretty sure that will happen.

  • Ashley will be late.

  • Well... She's always late

  • so I definitely believe that to be true!

  • If you don't take a jumper, you will get cold.

  • It's freezing out there!

  • You'll also hear 'will' used

  • to give reassurance when you want to confirm

  • that something is true.

  • You know when your mum tells you

  • "You will pass the exam. Don't worry!"

  • even though you're really not sure that's true.

  • She's using 'will' to tell you that she's confident,

  • she believes in you.

  • When you're upset,

  • your friends tell you "It will be okay".

  • They're confident,

  • they believe that everything will be okay.

  • Now if you're certain

  • that something is not going to happen,

  • use 'will not' or' 'won't'.

  • If they walk, they won't arrive in time.

  • It's too far!

  • I'm certain that that won't happen.

  • We also use 'must' when we are confident

  • and sure of something that is happening in the present.

  • And usually we have a reason or an explanation

  • to tell us why something is happening.

  • The baby's crying. He must be hungry.

  • I thought Sarah would be here by now.

  • She must be stuck in traffic.

  • They didn't eat any of the meat.

  • They must be vegetarian.

  • Notice how I've given a reason

  • for all of these examples to show why I believe

  • something to be true

  • and it's quite common when you're using 'must'.

  • It explains that you are

  • quite confident about the statement

  • and you're able to give a reason to explain

  • why you're so sure.

  • To use 'must' to talk about the past

  • when you're quite sure that something happened,

  • then use 'must have'.

  • After flying for 36 hours, you must have felt exhausted.

  • I thought I'd do better in the exam.

  • I must have been really nervous.

  • Jack's not here right now. He must have thought

  • that you were meeting him downstairs.

  • Now see how this creates the perfect tense.

  • The main verb following 'have'

  • is in the past participle form.

  • So when talking about the present or the future,

  • 'must' is followed by the bare infinitive form

  • but when talking about the past,

  • 'must' is followed by 'have'

  • and the past participle verb form.

  • And this pattern is true for many of the modal verbs

  • that we'll talk about today.

  • We use 'should' to say that something is likely.

  • We're not a hundred percent certain

  • but we believe it to be true.

  • They left an hour ago,

  • they should be here by now.

  • If they take the car, they should arrive by three.

  • To talk about the past, we use 'should have'.

  • It's the same pattern.

  • I didn't realise he was unwell.

  • We should have offered to take him to the doctor.

  • The school knew Sam was going to be late.

  • They should have called her mother.

  • Now let's talk possibility.

  • So if you're making really general statements

  • about something that is possible,

  • use 'can'.

  • People can be really rude.

  • Be careful because it can be

  • quite dangerous on the streets at night.

  • It can be really hard to find a speaking partner

  • to practise English with.

  • It can take over twelve hours

  • to hike through those mountains.

  • Now these are all general statements,

  • they're not specific.

  • I'm saying these statements are possible

  • but I'm not saying exactly what is happening.

  • Now, in this context

  • 'could' is used as the past tense of 'can'.

  • I remember winters in London.

  • Weeks could go by without ever seeing the sun!

  • So when we're uncertain or unsure about the present

  • and the future,

  • we use the modal verbs 'could'

  • 'might' and 'may'.

  • They explain that something is possible

  • but not certain or guaranteed.

  • If you wait near the door on Lewis Street,

  • you could see the Prime minister leaving.

  • They might arrive before lunch.

  • But I'm not sure.

  • I may need to borrow your car.

  • Now 'might' and 'may' here are very similar.

  • There is a very slight difference between the two

  • in that 'might' tells us that the outcome

  • is a little bit less likely.

  • But the truth is that ninety-nine percent of native English

  • speakers don't even realise this.

  • So you don't need to worry about the difference at all.

  • When used in spoken English, you can use either

  • when talking about possibility.

  • Just consider them to be the same.

  • We may go on a holiday in September.

  • We might go on holiday in September.

  • Close enough!

  • The meaning of this sentence is so similar

  • but the second one suggests that it's a little less likely

  • - that's all!

  • We can also use 'could' to explain that we are

  • uncertain or unsure about the future.

  • It could rain this afternoon.

  • It might rain this afternoon.

  • It may rain this afternoon.

  • Now all of these sentences tell us that it's possible

  • but not certain.

  • There is a chance that it will happen.

  • Simon could arrive before us.

  • Simon might arrive before us.

  • Simon may arrive before us.

  • Now these examples

  • all talk about the present or the future.

  • And the modal verb is followed

  • by the bare infinitive verb form.

  • But now,

  • we'll go into the past, back in time.

  • Then we use these same modal verbs with 'have'

  • followed by the past participle verb

  • so suddenly we're using the present perfect tense.

  • They might have finished dinner by now.

  • I'm worried. Something could have happened to Sara.

  • Okay so that was talking about possibility.

  • Now,

  • let's focus on

  • impossibility - when something is not possible,

  • when we know that something is unlikely to happen.

  • The chances of it happening are

  • really, really, really small.

  • When we think that something is impossible,

  • we use the negative forms of 'can' and 'could'.

  • You can't be serious!

  • It's not possible. I don't believe you!

  • Now this expression is often used after someone

  • says something that you just don't believe.

  • When we think that what is said

  • is very unlikely to be true.

  • When we told them they'd won,

  • they couldn't believe it!

  • He said he was in a band called 'Meatball'!

  • He couldn't have been serious.

  • So when spoken, these negative forms

  • are usually contracted.

  • Can't.

  • Couldn't.

  • And couldn't've.

  • Now you will never see this last one

  • written as a double contraction

  • but you will hear it spoken.

  • Couldn't've.

  • You will hear people pronounce

  • the full negative form though

  • especially to add emphasis,

  • to make the meaning stronger.

  • That cannot be true!

  • You can make it even more dramatic

  • by stressing every single word.

  • That can not be true!

  • Okay so let's summarise now.

  • If you are certain about something use 'will'

  • or use 'won't' if you are certain that something

  • is impossible.

  • Now if you're confident about something and you have

  • a reason for believing that

  • use 'must' or 'should'.

  • If you're talking about something generally

  • that's possible, use 'can'.

  • If you are not certain but it's possible

  • use 'might', 'may' or 'could'.

  • So remember that there are different meanings

  • for all of these modal verbs

  • and we're going to talk about these more in the next lesson.

  • Well I hope that you enjoyed that lesson!

  • I hope you feel a little more confident

  • using modal verbs to talk about

  • possibility and probability.

  • Now remember that the next lesson will talk about

  • how these modal verbs can be used

  • for ability, to ask for permission,

  • to give suggestions and ask for advice.

  • But for now, keep practising with these lessons

  • and I will be back again next week

  • with a new lesson for you.

  • Thanks for watching I'll see you again soon.

  • Bye for now!

Hello I'm Emma from mmmEnglish!

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A2 初級

英語の動詞の使い方|可能性と確率 (How to use English Modal Verbs | Possibility & Probability)

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    yvonneho7317 に公開 2021 年 01 月 14 日
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