of everything that's happened to Earth since it came into existence.

We're going start really at the formation of Earth or the formation of our Solar system or the formation of

the Sun, and our best sense of what actually happened is that

there was a supernova in our vicinity of the galaxy,

and this right here is a picture of a supernova remnant,

actually, the remnant for Kepler's supernova.

The supernova in this picture actually happened four hundred years ago in 1604,

so right at the center a star essentially exploded

and for a few weeks was the brightest object in the night sky,

and it was observed by Kepler and other people in 1604,

and this is what it looks like now.

What we see is kinda the shockwave that's been traveling

out for the past 400 years, so now it must be many

light years across. It wasn't, obviously, matter wasn't

traveling at the speed of light, but it must've been traveling

pretty, pretty fast, at least relativistic speeds, a reasonable

fraction of the speed of light.

This has traveled a good bit out now, but what you can

imagine is when you have the shockwave traveling out from

a supernova, let's say you had a cloud of molecules,

a cloud of gas, that before the shockwave came by just

wasn't dense enough for gravity to take over,

and for it to accrete, essentially, into a solar system.

When the shockwave passes by it compresses all of this gas

and all of this material and all of these molecules, so

it now does have that critical density to form, to accrete

into a star and a solar system.

We think that's what's happened, and the reason why we

feel pretty strongly that it must've been caused by a supernova

is that the only way that the really heavy elements can form,

or the only way we know that they can form is in kind of

the heat of a supernova, and our uranium, the uranium that seems

to be in our solar system on Earth, seems to have formed

roughly at the time of the formation of Earth, at about

four and a half billion years ago, and we'll talk

in a little bit more depth in future videos on exactly how

people figure that out, but since the uranium seems about

the same age as our solar system, it must've been formed

at around the same time, and it must've been formed by a supernova,

and it must be coming from a supernova, so a supernova

shockwave must've passed through our part of the universe,

and that's a good reason for gas to get compressed and begin to accrete.

So you fast-forward a few million years.

That gas would've accreted into something like this.

It would've reached the critical temperature, critical density

and pressure at the center for ignition to occur, for fusion

to start to happen, for hydrogen to start fusing into helium,

and this right here is our early sun.

Around the sun you have all of the gases and particles

and molecules that had enough angular velocity to not fall into the sun,

to go into orbit around the sun.

They were actually supported by a little bit of pressure, too,

because you can kinda view this as kind of a big cloud of gas,

so they're always bumping into each other, but for the most part

it was their angular velocity, and over the next tens of millions of years

they'll slowly bump into each other and clump into each other.

Even small particles have gravity, and they're gonna slowly

become rocks and asteroids and, eventually, what we would call

"planetesimals," which are, kinda view them as seeds

of planets or early planets, and then those would have a reasonable amount

of gravity and other things would be attracted to them

and slowly clump up to them.

This wasn't like a simple process, you know, you could imagine

you might have one planetesimal form, and then there's another

planetesimal formed, and instead of having a nice, gentle

those two guys accreting into each other, they might have

huge relative velocities and ram into each other, and then just,

you know, shatter, so this wasn't just a nice, gentle process of constant accretion.

It would actually have been a very violent process,

actually happened early in Earth's history, and we actually think

this is why the Moon formed, so at some point

you fast-forward a little bit from this, Earth would have formed,

I should say, the mass that eventually becomes our modern Earth

would have been forming. Let me draw it over here.

So, let's say that that is our modern Earth, and what we think

happened is that another proto-planet or another,

it was actually a planet because it was roughly the size of Mars,

ran into our, what it is eventually going to become our Earth.

This is actually a picture of it.

This is an artist's depiction of that collision, where this planet

right here is the size of Mars, and it ran into what would eventually become Earth.

This we call Theia. This is Theia,

and what we believe happened, and if you look up,

if you go onto the Internet, you'll see some simulations

that talk about this, is that we think it was a glancing blow.

It wasn't a direct hit that would've just kinda shattered

each of them and turned into one big molten ball.

We think it was a glancing blow, something like this.

This was essentially Earth. Obviously, Earth got changed

dramatically once Theia ran into it, but Theia is

right over here, and we think it was a glancing blow.

It came and it hit Earth at kind of an angle, and then it

obviously the combined energies from that interaction

would've made both of them molten, and frankly

they probably already were molten because you had

a bunch of smaller collisions and accretion events and

little things hitting the surface, so probably both of them

during this entire period, but this would've had a

glancing blow on Earth and essentially splashed a bunch

of molten material out into orbit.

It would've just come in, had a glancing blow on Earth,

and then splashed a bunch of molten material,

some of it would've been captured by Earth, so this is

the before and the after, you can imagine, Earth is

kind of this molten, super hot ball, and some of it

just gets splashed into orbit from the collision.

Let me just see if I can draw Theia here, so

Theia has collided, and it is also molten now because

huge energies, and it splashes some of it into orbit.

If we fast-forward a little bit, this stuff that got splashed

into orbit, it's going in that direction, that becomes

our Moon, and then the rest of this material eventually

kind of condenses back into a spherical shape and is what

we now call our Earth.

So that's how we actually think right now that the Moon

actually formed.

Even after this happened, the Earth still had a lot more,

I guess, violence to experience.

Just to get a sense of where we are in the history of Earth,

we're going to refer to this time clock a lot over the next few videos,

this time clock starts right here at the formation of our solar system,

4.6 billion years ago, probably coinciding with

some type of supernova,

and as we go clockwise on this diagram,

we're moving forward in time, and we're gonna go

all the way forward to the present period,

and just so you understand some of the terminology,

"Ga" means "billions of years ago"

'G' for "Giga-"

"Ma" means "millions of years ago"

'M' for "Mega-"

So where we are right now, the Moon has formed,

and we're in what we call the Hadean period

or actually I shouldn't say "period."

It's the Hadean eon of Earth.

"Period" is actually another time period,

so let me make this very clear. It's the Hadean,

we are in the Hadean eon, and an eon is kind of

the largest period of time that we talk about, especially

relative to Earth, and it's roughly 500 million to a billion years

is an eon, and what makes the Hadean eon distinctive,

well, from a geological point of view what makes it

distinctive is really we don't have any rocks from the

Hadean period. We don't have any kind of macroscopic-scale

rocks from the Hadean period, and that's because

at that time, we believe, the Earth was just this molten

ball of kind of magma and lava, and it was molten

because it was a product of all of these accretion events

and all of these collisions and all this kinetic energy turning into heat.

If you were to look at the surface of the Earth,

if you were to be on the surface of the Earth during

the Hadean eon, which you probably wouldn't want to be

because you might get hit by a falling meteorite

or probably burned by some magma, whatever,

it would look like this, and you wouldn't be able to breathe anyway;

this is what the surface of the Earth would look like.

It would look like a big magma pool, and that's why we

don't have any rocks from there because the rocks were

just constantly being recycled, being dissolved and churned

inside of this giant molten ball, and frankly

the Earth still is a giant molten ball, it's just

we live on the super-thin, cooled crust of that molten ball.

If you go right below that crust, and we'll talk a little bit more

about that in future videos,

you will get magma, and if you go dig deeper,

you'll have liquid iron.

I mean, it still is a molten ball.

And this whole period is just a violent,

not only was Earth itself a volcanic, molten ball,

it began to harden as you get into the late Hadean eon,

but we also had stuff falling from the sky and constantly

colliding with Earth, and really just continuing to add

to the heat of this molten ball.

Anyway, I'll leave you there,

and, as you can imagine,

at this point there was no, as far as we can tell,

there was no life on Earth.

Some people believe that maybe some life could've formed

in the late Hadean eon, but for the most part

this was just completely inhospitable for any life forming.

I'll leave you there, and where we take up the next video,

we'll talk a little bit about the Archean eon.