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  • Neutron stars are the densest things that are not black holes.

    中性子星はブラックホールを除くと最も密度の高い物質だ

  • Neutron stars are the densest things that are not black holes.

    その核には、現存するなかで最も危険な物質が存在するかもしれない

  • In their cores, we might find the most dangerous substance in existence:

    ストレンジ物質

  • In their cores, we might find the most dangerous substance in existence:

    それは宇宙の法則を捻じ曲げるほどに奇妙である

  • strange matter᠎.

    接触したあらゆるものに感染し破壊することや、

  • A bizarre thing so extreme that it bends the rules of the universe

    宇宙の創世を私達に伝えることができるかもしれない。

  • A bizarre thing so extreme that it bends the rules of the universe

    おそらくその両方だろう

  • strange matter᠎.

    ストレンジ物質がいかに極端なものかを理解するには

  • and could infect and destroy everything it comes into contact with.

    まずいくつかの基本を理解する必要がある

  • and could infect and destroy everything it comes into contact with.

    中性子とは何か、ストレンジ物質がいかに宇宙の法則を捻じ曲げるか

  • Or, it could teach us about how the universe began.

    これらを1本の動画にまとめるにあたり、いくつかの項目は過剰に単純化されている

  • Or, it could teach us about how the universe began.

    しかし、視聴者が詳細を望むならさらに読み物を追加しよう。

  • Maybe both.

    中性子星は強烈な超新星爆発のあとに残るもので

  • Maybe both.

    このとき星の核は自らの重力により崩壊する

  • To understand how extreme strange matter really is,

    核や物質を暴力的に絞り上げるような内向きの力と共に

  • To understand how extreme strange matter really is,

    電子は陽子に押し込まれ、融合して中性子となる。

  • we first need to get a few basics.

    原子内の空間は突如として物質で満たされる

  • we first need to get a few basics.

    中性子も他の物質との近接を嫌っているが、そうせざるを得ないのだ

  • What is a neutron star, and how does strange matter break the rules of the universe?

    中性子は必死になって重力を押し戻そうとする。

  • What is a neutron star, and how does strange matter break the rules of the universe?

    重力が勝った場合はブラックホールに

  • To get all of this into one video, we'll grossly oversimplify a few things

    中性子が勝てば、中性子星になる。

  • To get all of this into one video, we'll grossly oversimplify a few things

    一連の流れにより、中性子星は巨大な原子核の都市でありながら

  • but we'll provide you with further reading, if you want more details.

    太陽と同等の質量を持つことになる

  • but we'll provide you with further reading, if you want more details.

    ここから、奇妙なことになっていく

  • A neutron star is what remains after a very massive star explodes in a supernova.

    中性子星の核はとても極端な環境にあり

  • A neutron star is what remains after a very massive star explodes in a supernova.

    核物理学の法則が変わる

  • When this happens, the star's core collapses under its own gravity,

    そして、奇妙で極めて危険な物質を生み出しうる

  • When this happens, the star's core collapses under its own gravity,

    しかし、ここで一度立ち止まろう

  • with such a strong inward force

    陽子と中性子は原子核を構成する粒子であり

  • with such a strong inward force

    クォークと呼ばれるさらに小さな粒子で構成されている。

  • that it squeezes nuclei and particles together violently.

    クォークは一人を本当に嫌がる。

  • that it squeezes nuclei and particles together violently.

    言わば引きこもりだ。

  • Electrons are pushed into protons, so they merge, and turn into neutrons.

    引き離そうとしても、強く引くほどに

  • Electrons are pushed into protons, so they merge, and turn into neutrons.

    強く元の状態に戻ろうとする

  • All thenothing inside of atoms᠎ ᠎is suddenly completely filled with particles

    もし多量のエネルギーを使えば、それを元に新たなクォークを生み出してしまう。

  • All thenothing inside of atoms᠎ ᠎is suddenly completely filled with particles

    クォークは他の物質の建築材としてのみ存在し、

  • that really don't want to be close to each other but have no choice.

    これまでにクォークそのものとして観察されたことはない

  • that really don't want to be close to each other but have no choice.

    クォークには多くの種類があるが、安定した物質となるのは2種類だけだと考えられている。

  • They desperately push back against gravity, against the collapse.

    陽子と中性子に見られる、アップクォークとダウンクォークだ

  • They desperately push back against gravity, against the collapse.

    他の全てのクォークはすぐに崩壊するようだ

  • If gravity wins, they will become a black hole.

    しかし、中性子星の内部では異なるかもしれない

  • If gravity wins, they will become a black hole.

    中性子星の核に働いている力は極めて猛烈で

  • If they win, they become a neutron star.

    実際、ビッグバン直後の宇宙と似たようなものなのだ

  • If they win, they become a neutron star.

    中性子星の核は化石のようなものだ

  • This makes neutron stars like giant atomic nuclei the size of a city,

    宇宙創世の時代を私達に見せてくれるのだから

  • This makes neutron stars like giant atomic nuclei the size of a city,

    だから、中性子星の内部でクォークがどのように振る舞うかを知ることは

  • but holding the mass of our Sun.

    宇宙そのものの本質を理解する方法なのだ

  • but holding the mass of our Sun.

    一つの仮説として、中性子星の核の内部では

  • And here, things get weird.

    陽子と中性子のクォーク結合が無くなり

  • And here, things get weird.

    全ての粒子がすし詰め状態になり、溶解し

  • The environment in the core of neutron stars is so extreme

    クォークの風呂とでも言うべき状態となる

  • The environment in the core of neutron stars is so extreme

    無数の粒子が集まり、純粋なクォークからなる一つの巨大な物質となる

  • that the rules of nuclear physics change.

    クォーク物質

  • that the rules of nuclear physics change.

    クォーク物質で出来た星はクォーク星と呼ばれる

  • And, this could lead to a strange and extremely dangerous substance.

    外から見ると通常の中性子星との違いは無いように見えるかもしれないが

  • And, this could lead to a strange and extremely dangerous substance.

    さて、ついに最も危険な物質について話す準備が整った。

  • But, let's not get ahead of ourselves.

    クォーク星の内側の圧力が十分大きければ

  • But, let's not get ahead of ourselves.

    それは奇妙(ストレンジ)になる可能性がある

  • We first need to know the rules before we learn how they can be broken.

    文字通りの意味で

  • We first need to know the rules before we learn how they can be broken.

    中性子星の核では、一部のクォークはストレンジクォークに変換される可能性がある

  • Protons and neutrons, the particles making up the nuclei of atoms,

    ストレンジクォークは奇妙な核の性質を持ち、

  • Protons and neutrons, the particles making up the nuclei of atoms,

    より重く

  • are made up of smaller particles calledquarks.

    -マシな表現が無いのだが-

  • are made up of smaller particles calledquarks.

    より強くなる

  • Quarks really don't want to be alone.

    彼らが現れた場合、彼らは奇妙なことを引き起こす可能性があります。 彼らが現れた場合、彼らは奇妙なことを引き起こす可能性があります。

  • Quarks really don't want to be alone.

    ストレンジ物質が登場すると、それらはストレンジ物質を創りだす。

  • They are what we callconfined.

    ストレンジ物質は、物質の理想的な状態かもしれない

  • They are what we callconfined.

    完全に密集しており、完全に安定しており、不滅だ

  • You can try to separate them, but the harder you pull,

    宇宙の他のどの物質よりも安定している

  • You can try to separate them, but the harder you pull,

    とても安定しているため、中性子星の外側でも存在することができる。

  • the harder they try to pull themselves back together.

    この場合、問題がある

  • the harder they try to pull themselves back together.

    伝染性があるかもしれないのだ

  • If you use a lot of energy, they just use this energy to create new quarks.

    ストレンジ物質と接触したあらゆる物質はその安定性に心を打たれ、

  • If you use a lot of energy, they just use this energy to create new quarks.

    直ちに自らもストレンジ物質になってしまうかもしれない

  • Quarks only exist together as the building blocks of other particles,

    陽子と中性子が溶解し、クォークの風呂となり、

  • Quarks only exist together as the building blocks of other particles,

    それはエネルギーを解き放ち、さらなるストレンジ物質を生む

  • and have never been observed by themselves.

    片付ける唯一の方法はブラックホールに投げ込むことだろう

  • and have never been observed by themselves.

    しかし、改めて、誰が管理するのだ

  • They come in many types, but only two appear to make stable matter:

    ストレンジ物質は全て中性子星の内部にある

  • They come in many types, but only two appear to make stable matter:

    中性子星が他の中性子星と衝突する時を除いて

  • theup and down quarks found in protons and neutrons.

    あるいはブラックホールと

  • theup and down quarks found in protons and neutrons.

    その時、膨大な量の内容物が吐き出される

  • All other quarks seem to decay away quickly.

    その一部にはストレンジレットと呼ばれる ストレンジ物質の液滴が含まれうる

  • All other quarks seem to decay away quickly.

    ストレンジレットは中性子星と同程度に高密度であり

  • But, this may be different inside neutron stars.

    原子よりさらに小さい可能性さえあるが

  • But, this may be different inside neutron stars.

    最大でもロケット以上ではないだろう

  • The forces operating intheir cores are so extreme,

    これらのストレンジレットは、何百万年、何十億年もの間銀河を漂うだろう

  • The forces operating intheir cores are so extreme,

    偶然、星や惑星に出会うまで。

  • that they are actually similar to the universe shortly after the Big Bang.

    もしもどれかが地球にぶつかったら、地球を直ちにストレンジ物質に変換し始めるだろう

  • that they are actually similar to the universe shortly after the Big Bang.

    変換するほどに成長していき

  • Neutron star cores are like fossils

    最終的に、地球を構成する全ての原子が変換される

  • Neutron star cores are like fossils

    地球は小惑星サイズの熱いストレンジ物質の塊となるだろう

  • which can let us peer back in time to the beginning of everything.

    ストレンジレットが太陽にぶつかった場合、ストレンジ星へと崩壊し

  • which can let us peer back in time to the beginning of everything.

    乾いた森の中の火のように食らいつくすだろう

  • So, learning how quarks behave inside a neutron star

    太陽の質量に変化はないだろうが、輝きは遥かに劣るだろう

  • So, learning how quarks behave inside a neutron star

    すると地球は氷付き、死ぬだろう

  • is a way of understanding the very nature of the universe itself.

    ウイルスと同様、我々にストレンジレットの到来を見ることはできない

  • is a way of understanding the very nature of the universe itself.

    さらに悪いことに、いくつかの理論はストレンジレットがかなり普遍的に存在することを示唆しており

  • One hypothesis, is that inside a neutron star core

    銀河の中のすべての星よりも多いとされる

  • One hypothesis, is that inside a neutron star core

    これらのストレンジレットはビッグバンの直後に形成された可能性がある

  • protons and neutronsdeconfine.

    あらゆる場所が中性子星の核と同等に熱く高密度だったときだ

  • protons and neutronsdeconfine.

    ストレンジレットは銀河の引力の周辺に集まったかもしれない

  • All the particles cram shoulder-to-shoulder,

    宇宙が拡大し進化するにつれ

  • All the particles cram shoulder-to-shoulder,

    ストレンジレットは極めて多数かつ巨大でさえありえるので

  • dissolve, and melt into a sort-of bath of quarks.

    銀河に存在することが予想される暗黒物質なのかもしれないが

  • dissolve, and melt into a sort-of bath of quarks.

    しかし、それもまた違うのかもしれない

  • Uncountable numbers of particles become one giant thing made purely from quarks:

    これは憶測であり、地球と太陽と惑星は

  • Uncountable numbers of particles become one giant thing made purely from quarks:

    過去数十億年にわたりストレンジレットによる野火で焼き尽くされていないのだ

  • quark matter᠎.

    だから近い将来にこのようなことは起きないと考えた方が合理的だろう

  • quark matter᠎.

    これら奇妙な物質について理解することは、宇宙創世を理解し

  • A star made from this is called a ᠎quark star.

    そして現在の宇宙への至った理由を理解する鍵となりうる

  • A star made from this is called a ᠎quark star.

    科学者が磁石と電線で遊び、電子について思いを巡らせていたとき

  • Though, from the outside, it may not look any different than a regular neutron star.

    彼らはその後100年で技術がどのように進化するか想像だにしなかっただろう

  • Though, from the outside, it may not look any different than a regular neutron star.

    現在の科学者が中性子星やストレンジ物質の成り立ちについて考えていることは

  • Now, we can finally talk about the most dangerous substance.

    我々の想像力の限界を超えた未来を作り上げるかもしれない

  • Now, we can finally talk about the most dangerous substance.

    あるいは、そうならないかもしれない

  • If the pressure inside a quark star is great enough

    時間が証明してくれるだろう。

  • If the pressure inside a quark star is great enough

    さて、宇宙が破壊されるのか確認しようと待っている間

  • it may get stranger.

    もっと多くのことを知りたいと思うかもしれない

  • it may get stranger.

    私たちはあなたを持っている

  • Literally.

    Brilliantからの友人は、世界のあらゆる科学への洞察にいざなってくれる

  • Literally.

    Brilliantからの友人は᠎することができます 科学の全世界に対するあなたの洞察 ill Brilliantからの私達の友人は᠎することができます 科学の全世界に対するあなたの洞察

  • In the cores of neutron stars, some of the quarks᠎ ᠎may be converted intostrange quarks.

    ブラックホールも含め、全ての

  • In the cores of neutron stars, some of the quarks᠎ ᠎may be converted intostrange quarks.

    Brilliantはあなたが科学に実用的な方法で挑むことを助けてくれるウェブサイトで

  • Strange quarks have bizarre nuclear properties and they are heavier

    インタラクティブな問題解決コースと、数学、論理学、工学の日替わり問題が提供される

  • Strange quarks have bizarre nuclear properties and they are heavier

    これらのプログラムは複雑な課題を自ら解決するために必要なあらゆる術を与えてくれる

  • and, for the lack of a better word, stronger.

    頭ではなく、手を動かすことで学ぶのだ

  • and, for the lack of a better word, stronger.

    パズルやコースの最深部へ、あなたの好奇心を駆使してたどり着く

  • If they turn up, they could create strange matter.

    古典力学、天文学、重力物理学、その他多数の内容について

  • If they turn up, they could create strange matter.

    動画詳細欄のリンクをクリックするか、 またはbrilliant.org / nutshellにアクセスしてください。

  • Strange matter might be the ideal state of matter;

    無料で登録でき、想像以上のことを学べるはずだ

  • Strange matter might be the ideal state of matter;

    そして、kurzgesagt視聴者には追加特典がある

  • perfectly dense, perfectly stable, indestructible.

    リンクを使う最初の688人 年会費から20%割引 リンクを使う最初の688人 年会費から20%割引

  • perfectly dense, perfectly stable, indestructible.

    リンクを使う最初の688人に対し、年会費を20%割引する

  • More stable than any other matter in the universe.

    これにより、日々の課題のアーカイブを見ることができる

  • More stable than any other matter in the universe.

    そして全てのコースのロックを解除する

  • So stable, that it can exist outside neutron stars.

    Brilliantはあなたの一日をもう少しスマートに終えることを助けてくれる

  • So stable, that it can exist outside neutron stars.

    あなたはその経験に夢中になるかもしれない

  • If this is the case, we have a problem:

  • If this is the case, we have a problem:

  • it might be infectious.

  • it might be infectious.

  • Every piece of matter it touches might be so impressed by its stability

  • Every piece of matter it touches might be so impressed by its stability

  • that it would immediately turn it into strange matter, too.

  • that it would immediately turn it into strange matter, too.

  • Protons and neutrons would dissolve and become part of the quark bath

  • Protons and neutrons would dissolve and become part of the quark bath

  • which frees energy and creates more strange matter.

  • which frees energy and creates more strange matter.

  • The only way to get rid of it would be to throw it into a black hole.

  • The only way to get rid of it would be to throw it into a black hole.

  • But, then again, who cares?

  • But, then again, who cares?

  • All of it is inside neutron stars.

  • All of it is inside neutron stars.

  • Except when neutron stars collide with other neutron stars,

  • Except when neutron stars collide with other neutron stars,

  • or black holes,

  • or black holes,

  • they spew out tremendous amounts of their insides

  • they spew out tremendous amounts of their insides

  • some of which could include little droplets᠎ ᠎of strange matter calledstrangelets.

  • some of which could include little droplets᠎ ᠎of strange matter calledstrangelets.

  • Strangelets are as dense as the core of a neutron star.

  • Strangelets are as dense as the core of a neutron star.

  • They could be really small, maybe even subatomic,

  • They could be really small, maybe even subatomic,

  • but even the largest strangelets wouldn't be any bigger than a rocket.

  • but even the largest strangelets wouldn't be any bigger than a rocket.

  • These strangelets would drift through the galaxy for millions or billions of years

  • These strangelets would drift through the galaxy for millions or billions of years

  • until they meet a star or planet by chance.

  • until they meet a star or planet by chance.

  • If one were to strike Earth, it would immediately start converting it into strange matter.

  • If one were to strike Earth, it would immediately start converting it into strange matter.

  • The more it converts, the more it would grow.

  • The more it converts, the more it would grow.

  • Ultimately, all of the atoms making up Earth would be converted.

  • Ultimately, all of the atoms making up Earth would be converted.

  • Earth would become a hot clump of strange matter, the size of an asteroid.

  • Earth would become a hot clump of strange matter, the size of an asteroid.

  • If a strangelet strikes the Sun, it would collapse into a strange star,

  • If a strangelet strikes the Sun, it would collapse into a strange star,

  • eating through it like fire through a dry forest.

  • eating through it like fire through a dry forest.

  • This would not change the Sun's mass much, but it would become way less bright,

  • This would not change the Sun's mass much, but it would become way less bright,

  • so Earth would freeze to death.

  • so Earth would freeze to death.

  • And, like a tiny virus, we'd have no way to see a strangelet coming.

  • And, like a tiny virus, we'd have no way to see a strangelet coming.

  • Worse still, some theories suggest strangelets are more than common

  • Worse still, some theories suggest strangelets are more than common

  • outnumbering all stars in the galaxy.

  • outnumbering all stars in the galaxy.

  • These strangelets could have formed very early after the Big Bang

  • These strangelets could have formed very early after the Big Bang

  • when it was as hot and dense as a neutron star core everywhere.

  • when it was as hot and dense as a neutron star core everywhere.

  • They might be clumping around the gravity of galaxies,

  • They might be clumping around the gravity of galaxies,

  • as the universe expanded and evolved.

  • as the universe expanded and evolved.

  • Strangelets could even be so numerous and massive,

  • Strangelets could even be so numerous and massive,

  • that they might actually be the dark matter we suspect holds galaxies together.

  • that they might actually be the dark matter we suspect holds galaxies together.

  • But, then again, maybe not.

  • But, then again, maybe not.

  • This is speculation, and the Earth and Sun and planets

  • This is speculation, and the Earth and Sun and planets

  • haven't been consumed in a wildfire of strangelets in the past few billion years

  • haven't been consumed in a wildfire of strangelets in the past few billion years

  • so the odds seem good that it won't happen anytime soon.

  • so the odds seem good that it won't happen anytime soon.

  • Understanding these strange objects today may be the key to understanding the birth of our universe

  • Understanding these strange objects today may be the key to understanding the birth of our universe

  • and why it grew to look the way it does now.

  • and why it grew to look the way it does now.

  • When scientists first started playing with magnets and wires and thinking about electrons,

  • When scientists first started playing with magnets and wires and thinking about electrons,

  • they had no idea how technology would evolve in the next hundred years.

  • they had no idea how technology would evolve in the next hundred years.

  • The scientists thinking about the cause of neutron stars and strange matter today

  • The scientists thinking about the cause of neutron stars and strange matter today

  • may be setting up humans for a future beyond our wildest imaginations.

  • may be setting up humans for a future beyond our wildest imaginations.

  • Or, maybe not.

  • Or, maybe not.

  • Time will tell.

  • Time will tell.

  • So, while you're waiting to see if the universe gets destroyed

  • So, while you're waiting to see if the universe gets destroyed

  • you might still want to find out more about it.

  • you might still want to find out more about it.

  • We've got you.

  • We've got you.

  • Our friends fromBrilliant can be᠎ ᠎your insight into a whole world of science,

  • Our friends fromBrilliant can be᠎ ᠎your insight into a whole world of science,

  • black holes and all.

  • black holes and all.

  • Brilliantis a website that helps you᠎ ᠎tackle science in a practical way,

  • Brilliantis a website that helps you᠎ ᠎tackle science in a practical way,

  • with interactive problem-solving courses and daily challenges in maths, logic, and engineering.

  • with interactive problem-solving courses and daily challenges in maths, logic, and engineering.

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  • And, there's an extra perk forkurzgesagt viewers:

  • The first 688 people to use the link get 20% off their annual membership,

  • The first 688 people to use the link get 20% off their annual membership,

  • which lets you view all the daily problems in the archives

  • which lets you view all the daily problems in the archives

  • and unlock every course.

  • and unlock every course.

  • Brillianthelps you end your day a little smarter.

  • Brillianthelps you end your day a little smarter.

  • You might get hooked on the experience.

  • You might get hooked on the experience.

Neutron stars are the densest things that are not black holes.

中性子星はブラックホールを除くと最も密度の高い物質だ

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