about 10 blocks from here.

ほんの数分前 ここから10ブロックの所で

This is the Grand Cafe here in Oxford.

こんな写真を撮りました

I took this picture because this turns out to be

オックスフォードにあるグランドカフェです

the first coffeehouse to open

なぜ撮ったかといえば

in England in 1650.

1650年にイングランドで

That's its great claim to fame,

はじめて開業したコーヒー店だからです

and I wanted to show it to you,

すばらしく由緒ある店です

not because I want to give you the kind of Starbucks tour

これをお見せしたいと思ったのは

of historic England,

歴史あるイングランドで

but rather because

スターバックスみたいなものを

the English coffeehouse was crucial

紹介したいからではなく

to the development and spread

イングランドのコーヒー店が

of one of the great intellectual flowerings of the last 500 years,

これまで500年にわたって

what we now call the Enlightenment.

知的創造の発展と普及 つまり啓蒙運動の

And the coffeehouse played such a big role

中心的役割を担ってきたからです

in the birth of the Enlightenment,

啓蒙運動の発生にあたって

in part, because of what people were drinking there.

コーヒー店が大きな役割を果たした背景に

Because, before the spread

出される飲みものが絡んでいました

of coffee and tea through British culture,

なぜなら コーヒーや紅茶が

what people drank -- both elite and mass folks drank --

英国文化に浸透するまで

day-in and day-out, from dawn until dusk

上流階級も 一般大衆も

was alcohol.

朝から晩まで毎日

Alcohol was the daytime beverage of choice.

酒を飲んでいたからです

You would drink a little beer with breakfast and have a little wine at lunch,

昼間から好んで酒を飲んでいました

a little gin -- particularly around 1650 --

朝食でビールを少し 昼食でワインを少し

and top it off with a little beer and wine at the end of the day.

特に1650年ごろにはジンを飲み

That was the healthy choice -- right --

夜はビールとワインで仕上げました

because the water wasn't safe to drink.

水が安全ではなかったので

And so, effectively until the rise of the coffeehouse,

衛生的な正しい選択でした

you had an entire population

つまり コーヒー店ができるまでは

that was effectively drunk all day.

市民全員が一日中

And you can imagine what that would be like, right, in your own life --

酔っぱらっていたといえます

and I know this is true of some of you --

一日中 酒を飲んでいたら

if you were drinking all day,

そういう方もいらっしゃるでしょうが

and then you switched from a depressant to a stimulant in your life,

どうなるか想像がつくでしょう

you would have better ideas.

ところが たるんだ生活をカフェインで覚醒すれば

You would be sharper and more alert.

いいアイデアが浮かぶようになります

And so it's not an accident that a great flowering of innovation happened

頭が冴えて注意深くなります

as England switched to tea and coffee.

ですから イングランドで紅茶やコーヒーを飲み始めて

But the other thing that makes the coffeehouse important

素晴らしい革新が起きたのは当然なのです

is the architecture of the space.

コーヒー店が重要な理由は他にもあります

It was a space where people would get together

それは空間構造です

from different backgrounds,

さまざまな経歴の人たち

different fields of expertise, and share.

さまざまな分野の専門家が

It was a space, as Matt Ridley talked about, where ideas could have sex.

この空間を共有します

This was their conjugal bed, in a sense --

マット リドリーが言う アイデアがセックスする空間です

ideas would get together there.

夫婦が寝るベッドのようであり

And an astonishing number of innovations from this period

ここでアイデアが交じり合います

have a coffeehouse somewhere in their story.

この時代に生まれた膨大な数の革新を紐解くと

I've been spending a lot of time thinking about coffeehouses

その歴史のどこかにコーヒー店が関わっています

for the last five years,

この５年間 多くの時間を費やして

because I've been kind of on this quest

コーヒー店について考えてきたのは

to investigate this question

こんな疑問の答えを

of where good ideas come from.

探し求めているからです

What are the environments

「良いアイデアはどこで生まれるのか？」

that lead to unusual levels of innovation,

どのような環境から

unusual levels of creativity?

たぐいまれな革新や

What's the kind of environmental --

たぐいまれな創造が生み出されるのか？

what is the space of creativity?

創造性をはぐくむ環境とか

And what I've done is

空間とはどのようなものか？

I've looked at both environments like the coffeehouse;

そこで私は

I've looked at media environments, like the world wide web,

コーヒー店のような環境を調べたり

that have been extraordinarily innovative;

インターネットのように革新が相次ぐ

I've gone back to the history of the first cities;

メディア環境を調べたりしてきました

I've even gone to biological environments,

その歴史が始まった地を訪れたり

like coral reefs and rainforests,

生物学的な革新が次から次に生じる

that involve unusual levels of biological innovation;

サンゴ礁や熱帯雨林といった

and what I've been looking for is shared patterns,

生物環境も訪れ

kind of signature behavior that shows up

こういったあらゆる環境で

again and again in all of these environments.

共通して見られる徴候を

Are there recurring patterns that we can learn from,

探し求めてきました

that we can take and kind of apply to our own lives,

私たちの生活、組織、環境などに応用したときに

or our own organizations,

もっと創造的で革新的にできるような

or our own environments to make them more creative and innovative?

共通のパターンは

And I think I've found a few.

あるのでしょうか？

But what you have to do to make sense of this

いくつかありましたが

and to really understand these principles

これを理解し これらの本質を真に理解するためには

is you have to do away

従来の比喩や表現に見られる

with a lot of the way in which our conventional metaphors and language

アイデアの創造を

steers us towards

特定の概念に結びつけるような

certain concepts of idea-creation.

多くの思い込みを

We have this very rich vocabulary

捨てる必要があります

to describe moments of inspiration.

アイデアが生まれる瞬間を

We have the kind of the flash of insight,

表現する言葉は豊富にあります

the stroke of insight,

「閃光が走る」

we have epiphanies, we have "eureka!" moments,

「脳天を打つ」

we have the lightbulb moments, right?

「神が舞い降りる」、「ひらめいた！」

All of these concepts,

「光が灯る」 などがありますね。

as kind of rhetorically florid as they are,

見て分かるように

share this basic assumption,

全ての概念が大げさに誇張されていますし

which is that an idea is a single thing,

いずれの概念も

it's something that happens often

アイデアは単独で存在し

in a wonderful illuminating moment.

素晴らしい光を受けた瞬間に

But in fact, what I would argue and what you really need to kind of begin with

浮かび上がることを前提にしています

is this idea that an idea is a network

でも実際は 個別要素のネットワークだと

on the most elemental level.

申し上げたいのです

I mean, this is what is happening inside your brain.

そう考えてもらったほうがよいのです

An idea -- a new idea -- is a new network of neurons

頭の中ではそうなっているからです

firing in sync with each other inside your brain.

脳内で協調を取りながら伝達し合うニューロンの

It's a new configuration that has never formed before.

新しいネットワークが 新しいアイデアなのです

And the question is: how do you get your brain into environments

今まで構築されていなかった新しい組み合わせです

where these new networks are going to be more likely to form?

では どんな環境に置かれた脳が

And it turns out that, in fact, the kind of network patterns of the outside world

新しいネットワークを構築しやすいのでしょう？

mimic a lot of the network patterns

実は 外界に見られるネットワーク構造は

of the internal world of the human brain.

脳内のネットワーク構造と

So the metaphor I'd like the use

似通っていることが分かっています

I can take

好きな逸話があります

from a story of a great idea that's quite recent --

1650年代から時代は下り

a lot more recent than the 1650s.

最近の素晴らしいアイデアにまつわる

A wonderful guy named Timothy Prestero,

お話です

who has a company called ... an organization called Design That Matters.

ティモシー プレステロという素晴らしい人物が

They decided to tackle this really pressing problem

デザイン ザット マターズという組織を運営しています

of, you know, the terrible problems we have with infant mortality rates

途上国での幼児死亡率といった悲惨で

in the developing world.

猶予のない問題に取り組むため

One of the things that's very frustrating about this is that we know,

設立された組織です

by getting modern neonatal incubators

こんなことで困っていました

into any context,

どこであっても

if we can keep premature babies warm, basically -- it's very simple --

近代的な新生児用の保育器を使い

we can halve infant mortality rates in those environments.

未熟児を暖めてやることで

So, the technology is there.

その環境の幼児死亡率を半減できます

These are standard in all the industrialized worlds.

その技術はすでに存在します

The problem is, if you buy a $40,000 incubator,

どの先進国でも一般的なものです

and you send it off

問題なのは それを４万ドルで購入して

to a mid-sized village in Africa,

アフリカにある中規模の村に

it will work great for a year or two years,

送ったとしても

and then something will go wrong and it will break,

１年や２年はとても役に立ちますが

and it will remain broken forever,

その後は どこか調子が悪くなって壊れてしまい

because you don't have a whole system of spare parts,

壊れたまま放置されます

and you don't have the on-the-ground expertise

予備の部品の流通システムもなく

to fix this $40,000 piece of equipment.

４万ドルの装置を修理するような

And so you end up having this problem where you spend all this money

現地の技術者もいないからです

getting aid and all these advanced electronics to these countries,

お金をつぎ込んで

and then it ends up being useless.

援助や最新機器を送っても無駄になる

So what Prestero and his team decided to do

そんな問題に行き当たるのです

is to look around and see: what are the abundant resources

プレステロたちは良く考えて

in these developing world contexts?

途上国で十分に行き渡っているものは何か？

And what they noticed was they don't have a lot of DVRs,

という点に注目し

they don't have a lot of microwaves,

ビデオも電子レンジも あまりないけれど

but they seem to do a pretty good job of keeping their cars on the road.

車を走らせるための

There's a Toyota Forerunner

メンテナンスはうまく行われていると気づきました

on the street in all these places.

どこでもトヨタのハイラックスが

They seem to have the expertise to keep cars working.

道を走っていますから

So they started to think,

車をメンテナンスする技術者ならいるようなので

"Could we build a neonatal incubator

こう考えました

that's built entirely out of automobile parts?"

「車の部品だけで

And this is what they ended up coming with.

新生児用の保育器を作れないだろうか？」

It's called a "neonurture device."

出来上がったものがこちら

From the outside, it looks like a normal little thing

改良型保育器です

you'd find in a modern, Western hospital.

西洋諸国の近代的な病院にあるような

In the inside, it's all car parts.

普通の保育器と一見同じですが

It's got a fan, it's got headlights for warmth,

中身はすべて車の部品です

it's got door chimes for alarm --

ファンを使い ヘッドライトを熱源にして

it runs off a car battery.

ドアベルを警報装置にしています

And so all you need is the spare parts from your Toyota

カーバッテリーで動作します

and the ability to fix a headlight,

トヨタ店舗から予備部品を入手できて

and you can repair this thing.

ヘッドライトを修理できるなら

Now, that's a great idea, but what I'd like to say is that, in fact,

この保育器を修理できます

this is a great metaphor for the way that ideas happen.

素晴らしいアイデアですが 私が言いたいのは この話が

We like to think our breakthrough ideas, you know,

アイデア創出の示唆にあふれていることです

are like that $40,000, brand new incubator,

４万ドルの最新保育器のような

state-of-the-art technology,

先端技術の結晶を

but more often than not, they're cobbled together

飛躍的アイデアだと思いがちですが

from whatever parts that happen to be around nearby.

身近に落ちている何らかの部品でも

We take ideas from other people,

組み立てられることが多いのです

from people we've learned from, from people we run into in the coffee shop,

私たちは人からアイデアをもらいます

and we stitch them together into new forms and we create something new.

コーヒー店で偶然会った人からアイデアをもらって

That's really where innovation happens.

新しい形態に縫合して 新しいアイデアを生み出します

And that means that we have to change some of our models

そうやって革新が起きるのです

of what innovation and deep thinking really looks like, right.

つまり革新や熟考とは何かについての

I mean, this is one vision of it.

概念を一部変える必要があります

Another is Newton and the apple, when Newton was at Cambridge.

熟考といえばこんな姿でした

This is a statue from Oxford.

こちらはケンブリッジ時代のニュートンとリンゴです

You know, you're sitting there thinking a deep thought,

像はオックスフォードにあります

and the apple falls from the tree, and you have the theory of gravity.

座って熟考したり

In fact, the spaces that have historically led to innovation

リンゴの落下を見て 万有引力の法則に気づいたりします

tend to look like this, right.

でも 歴史的にみると革新を生み出す空間とは

This is Hogarth's famous painting of a kind of political dinner at a tavern,

実はこのような姿をしています

but this is what the coffee shops looked like back then.

酒場での政治的な集まりをホガースが描いたものです

This is the kind of chaotic environment

当時のコーヒー店もこのような様子でした

where ideas were likely to come together,

混沌とした状況で

where people were likely to have

アイデアが飛び交い

new, interesting, unpredictable collisions -- people from different backgrounds.

さまざまな立場の人が集まって

So, if we're trying to build organizations that are more innovative,

新しく 面白く 予測不能な衝突が生まれていそうです

we have to build spaces that -- strangely enough -- look a little bit more like this.

より革新的な組織を作りたいなら

This is what your office should look like,

変に思えてもこれに少し似た空間を作ったほうがいい

is part of my message here.

皆さんのオフィスをこうしたほうがいい

And one of the problems with this is that

それが私のメッセージです

people are actually -- when you research this field --

この分野の調査では

people are notoriously unreliable,

自己申告があてにならないという

when they actually kind of self-report

問題があります

on where they have their own good ideas,

どこで良いアイデアを思いついたか

or their history of their best ideas.

最高のアイデアはどう生まれたかを

And a few years ago, a wonderful researcher named Kevin Dunbar

聞くときの話です

decided to go around

数年前にケビン ダンバーという偉大な研究者は

and basically do the Big Brother approach

やり方を変えて

to figuring out where good ideas come from.

監視に基づく手法で

He went to a bunch of science labs around the world

良いアイデアが生まれる場所を調べました

and videotaped everyone

世界中の研究所をたくさん訪れて

as they were doing every little bit of their job.

研究者全員の挙動を

So when they were sitting in front of the microscope,

全てビデオ撮影しました

when they were talking to their colleague at the water cooler, and all these things.

顕微鏡の前に座っているところや

And he recorded all of these conversations

冷水器の脇での同僚との立ち話も

and tried to figure out where the most important ideas,

会話を全て記録し

where they happened.

どこで一番重要なアイデアが生まれたか

And when we think about the classic image of the scientist in the lab,

見つけ出そうとしました

we have this image -- you know, they're pouring over the microscope,

研究室の科学者のイメージといえば

and they see something in the tissue sample.

顕微鏡ごしに何かを垂らして

And "oh, eureka," they've got the idea.

サンプル細胞の状態を見ながら

What happened actually when Dunbar kind of looked at the tape

「ひらめいた！」と叫ぶというものですが

is that, in fact, almost all of the important breakthrough ideas

ダンバーが実際にテープを見てみると

did not happen alone in the lab, in front of the microscope.

実は 重要な飛躍的アイデアのほとんどは

They happened at the conference table

研究室の顕微鏡を前に一人で思いつくのではなく

at the weekly lab meeting,

毎週開かれる研究室の会議で

when everybody got together and shared their kind of latest data and findings,

生まれていました

oftentimes when people shared the mistakes they were having,

会議では 全員で最新データや成果を持ち寄り

the error, the noise in the signal they were discovering.

たびたび 失敗、エラー、

And something about that environment --

観測信号に含まれるノイズなども持ち寄っていました

and I've started calling it the "liquid network,"

私は こういった環境を

where you have lots of different ideas that are together,

「流動的ネットワーク」と呼んでいます

different backgrounds, different interests,

ここに さまざまなアイデアが集結し

jostling with each other, bouncing off each other --

立場や興味を異にする人たちが集まり

that environment is, in fact,

互いに意見を交えるのです

the environment that leads to innovation.

この環境こそ

The other problem that people have

革新につながる環境です

is they like to condense their stories of innovation down

まだ別の問題もあります

to kind of shorter time frames.

誰もが短期間で

So they want to tell the story of the "eureka!" moment.

革新を遂げたことにして

They want to say, "There I was, I was standing there

「ひらめいた！」瞬間の物語として伝えたがります

and I had it all suddenly clear in my head."

「立っていたら突然浮かんだ」

But in fact, if you go back and look at the historical record,

と言いたいのです

it turns out that a lot of important ideas