字幕表 動画を再生する
Hi, I'm Ed Hope, a junior doctor in the UK
やあ僕はエド・ホープ イギリスのジュニア・ドクターです
and welcome to my channel, Sick Notes
ようこそ僕のシックノート・チャンネルへ
where I explained medical things in simple terms like
医療を優しい言葉で説明しています
the other week I looked at the medical anime Cells at Work
先週は医療アニメ「はたらく細胞」を取り上げました
and not only did the show blow me away
僕を驚かせたのはこの作品のみならず
but your response to the video did as well
僕の動画が数日間で100万回以上再生された事にもです
over a million views in a few days
皆さんの応援 誠にありがとうございます
guys thank you so, so much for all the support
ということで『はたらく細胞』第2話も見ていきましょう
So it's only fair that I check out episode number two
また赤血球の話になりますが彼女は
of Cells at Work
体中に酸素を届けていて
[anime plays - Japanese audio]
第1話と同じく道に迷ってますね
So, we're following our red blood cell again
あと前回少しだけ出てきましたが
as she carries the oxygen around the body
今回紹介されましたね
and she's lost, like she spent most of the first episode
かわいい血小板 医学用語では「血小板(Thrombocyte)」です
and we met them briefly before
これが血の塊である血栓(Thrombus)を作るので"THROMBO"
but we get properly introduced to the very cute platelets
そして ”CYTE" は成熟した細胞の事を指します
The medical term for them is the thrombocytes
小さい子供で表現していますが
"THROMBO" because they're involved in creating a thrombus-
血小板の大きさが赤血球の三分の一と
That's what we call a blood clot
大変小さい事と関係しているのでしょう
- and CYTE is a name we give to any mature cell
血栓となった時に小さな穴をふさがなければならないからです
[Japanese audio continues]
今回の題名が「かすり傷」なので彼等の働き方が描かれるのだと思います
So in this depiction they're little kids
良いですね血小板が赤血球の事をお姉ちゃんと呼んでいます
and this ties in because platelets are actually very tiny
というのもこれは非常に正確だからです
about a third of the size of a red blood cells
というのも血球の一族としてお互いは血の繋がりがあるからです
That's because their job is to really plug the small gaps
二人は同じ細胞が祖先です
when a thrombus forms.
その祖先は骨の中心にある骨髄と呼ばれる部分で作られます
And this episode is called a scrape wound
「造血」と呼ばれる過程で造られます
so we're probably going to find out all about how they work and everything they're carrying as well
文字通り「血液の製造」ですね
Aw, I like that the platelet calls the red blood cell "Big Sister"
「赤血球と血小板の血縁関係について」
because this is entirely accurate
骨髄の中に幹細胞があって
because the two are related in the kind of family tree
色んな医学研究で皆さんも聴いた事があるかも
of blood cells
幹細胞は様々な種類の細胞に分化する能力があります
So they share the same ancestry of cells all produced
そのうちの一つが…
in the center of the bones, what we call the bone marrow
骨髄前駆細胞…すごく長い名前です
in a process we call hematopoiesis
これも様々な細胞へと発達することが可能です
Quite literally means "production of blood"
そしてようやくErythrocytes…赤血球
So we have our stems cells in
『はたらく細胞』で第三位のお気に入りです
the bone marrow
ERYTHROが「赤」
You've probably heard of these in lots of medical research because they've got the
CYTEは先ほど言いましたが成熟した細胞です
ability to turn into lots of different cell types.
また骨髄前駆細胞は巨核球と言う細胞にもなります
One of these cell types is the myeloid progenitor cells
パワーレンジャーみたいな名前ですよね
quite a long word!
描いているのが巨核球です
And in turn, they can develop into lots of different cells as well
この細胞が血小板を生産します
So we have the erythrocyte
正確に言うと血小板は細胞ではありません
the red blood cell,
巨核球が壊れてできた残骸です
so one our of fan favorites in Cells at Work.
赤血球と血小板がお互いを姉妹と呼ぶのは正しいのです
ERYTHRO means red and CYTE, as we said earlier,
そしてこの図を完成させると
is a mature cell.
骨髄前駆細胞は他の細胞にもなります
The myeloid progenitor cell can also turn into a megakaryocyte
私たちの一番のお気に入り…
which sounds like something out power rangers, doesn't it?
好中球
I'll draw our megakaryocyte here
三人ともいわば家族の一員なのです
And this is the cell that produces platelets
これは素晴らしいですね
Strictly speaking, platelets themselves
想像よりかなり激しいですね
are not cells, they're just fragments
皮膚を表す街全体が被害を受けました
broken up from these big megakaryocyte
これも正しいですね
So when the red blood cell and the platelets refer to themselves
過去に酷いすり傷をした人は分かるでしょう
as sisters, you know, they pretty much are
直るまでに時間がかかりますし色調の変化が戻らない事もあります
And also just to complete the picture, this myeloid progenitor cell
一生の傷になる事もあります
can also turn into our favorite ...
それに実際の彼らはとても小さな存在なので
The neutrophil
小さな傷でも細胞にとっては深刻なのです
So they're kinda all
白血球がこういう事を赤血球にするのか私には良く分かりませんが
one big happy family
演出ですね
So this is our scrape wound, uh
さて第1話では肺炎レンサ球菌だけを相手にしましたが
it's much more radical than I expected
今回の相手は山盛りの雑菌達ですね
I mean the whole city, representing the skin,
皮膚の役割の一つは外部環境と自身の体の防波堤となる事です
has been damaged, but this kinda fits right? Anyone that's
なので皮膚が裂ければいつもは皮膚の上にいて
had a scrape wound or an abrasion before will know that
害の無い細菌が皮膚の下に入り込みます
it takes a long time to heal actually
そして増殖を開始し
you'll notice some discoloration for awhile, sometimes
この画面のような多くの「悪者」に感染するわけです
you'll be permanently left with some kind of scar, so
私達の皮膚に普通に存在していて特に問題の無い細菌の一つが
maybe I underestimated - obviously these guys are very small
黄色ブドウ球菌です
so even small injuries are gonna have big effects
この姿はとても的確です
on individual cells
ブドウ球菌は前回の動画でお話したように
There he is, the man! I'm not sure white blood cells quite
ブドウ状の集団を作ります
do this with red blood cells, but you know
その様子をこの容姿で表現していますね
creative license
そしてAureusは金色や黄色という意味です
Okay so in the first episode we had to deal with
だからあの色なんですね
one bacterium, the streptococcus pneumoniae
黄色ブドウ球菌は一種の顔料を用いて…
and in this one we have to deal with
その金/黄色の顔料が防御機構の一部を形成し
a whole bunch, 'cause one of the functions
免疫系からの攻撃を受けにくくしています
of the skin is to be a physical barrier between the outside
これ良いですね
world and your bodies, so if that gets broken, then any
これは血管収縮を映像的にもとてもよく表していますね
bacteria that's just normally
急激に失血するとそれ以上の失血を防ごうとして動脈が収縮します
happily living on our skin, that doesn't effect us, can then get under
救急医が対応するような深刻な大量出血では
the skin and begin to proliferate
必要となれば末端部から身体が活動を停止していく様子を実感できるでしょう
and cause an infection
その時患者は蒼白となり冷たくなります
like we see all these nasties here
重要な臓器に必要な血液量を維持しようとして
And the classic example of a bacterium that normally lives on our skin
あえて身体がそうしているのですが
and doesn't cause any problems is staphlyococcus aureus
医者にとっては患者の治療が難しくなります
and its really well represented here
医者は輸血や輸液ができる動脈を確保しようとしますが
so the staphlyococcus, remember I talked about in the last video
動脈が収縮しているとそれが困難になります
means it forms these grape like colonies
化膿レンサ球菌
We can see that the shape they've made the bacterium
Pyogenes は化膿の事です
kind of represents that
この細菌は感染すると特に化膿を引き起こします
And aureus means gold or yellow-y color
この人はシュードモナス属ですね
that's obviously why they've picked this color
ではこの二つを説明するとしましょう
because staphlyococcus aureus has this kind of pigment
まず化膿レンサ球菌が出てきました
A gold yellow-y pigment that's part of its
玉が繋がって尻尾になっていますが
defense mechanism that makes it
これは連鎖球菌の集団が鎖状であることを表現しています
harder for the immune system to break down the bacteria
前回に説明しましたね
I love that.
さて皆さんの皮膚の上にもこういう細菌達が存在していますが
Its a great sort of visual depiction
身体に傷を受けた時にはまさにこのような事が起きているのです
and explanation of vasoconstriction
いやまあ…これ程のドラマ仕立てな事は起きていませんが
so when our arteries become more narrow
それでも免疫系の働きとしてこのような敵と戦うのです
during acute blood loss to stop blood from getting lost
このような素晴らしい事が起きていますし
Some of the really scary massive bleeds
他の細胞達も皆さんが生きるためそれぞれに働いています
I've seen as an emergency doctor, you get an idea
そして皆さんは皆さんであり続けるのです
of the scale that the body can shut down peripherally when it needs to
画面に映っている他のウイルスや細菌も後の回に出てくるのでしょう
So the patient would go look very pale and very cold
この作品は非常にこだわって作られているので
and although that's what you want your body to do
彼らも実際の病原体に基づいているのでしょう
because you want to preserve all the blood
後に出てくるかもしれませんね
for the important organs
このような棒状のモノを出す細菌がいるのかは分からないので
for a doctor that makes your job more difficult
ぜひコメントにてお願いします
in treating the patient because, you know, we want
細胞同士の連絡は実際に行われます
to get access into the veins to try and give blood and fluids
その方法を疑問に思うかもしれません
and that's more difficult when the veins are kind of shutting down
好中球は第1話で見たように細胞間を遊走しますから
So streptococcus pyogenes
神経系を介しての連絡はできません
So pyogenes means puss
彼らはサイトカインという化学伝達物質を使います
presumably because this bacteria causes
CYTO は前述のように細胞の事で
lots of puss when it infects, and
KINE は連絡の事です
pseudomonas!
ある細胞がサイトカインを産生すると他の細胞を近くに引き寄せます
I always wondered what these two bacteria looked like close up
今見てるような感じです
When we meet streptococcus pyogenes here
この黄色ブドウ球菌は微生物学講義を履修してますね
its tail is made up of all these
感染における全ての免疫細胞達の
little blobs connected together, I think that represents
活動開始時期の差を説明していましたね
the streptococcus colony
ああ血小板達が助けに現れました
formation of this chain
そして血栓も出てきますね
that we talked about in the last episode
今回の冒頭に出ていました
It does make you think, because you have these colonies
血栓は一連の化学反応でつくられます
of bacteria on your skin, that when you do get a trauma
体中に運ばれている水溶性のフィブリノゲンはフィブリンへと変化します
and they get in to the body, this
これは非水溶性のネットを形成し血栓を包み込みます
exact thing is happening, you know
そして血小板や細胞など色々がこのネットに絡まって栓となり
not quite as bad ass and
血管からそれ以上の血液が失われないようにします
dramatic, but your immune system is doing its job
赤血球と白血球のちょっとしたラブストーリーですね
it is fighting these bugs
残念ですが…実際には起こりません
Its a pretty amazing thing to happen
跳ねている髪の毛が良いと思いますが
just so that all your other cells can carry on living
実際の何かを現しているのかな…
And so that they can carry on making you, you!
ちゃんとコメントは読んでますから
I'm not quite sure what all these other nasties are, the other
フィブリンに何もかもが絡まっていく事を見せてくれましたね
bacterium, but maybe we'll find out in later episodes
流石ですね
I'm judging at how much care and attention has gone into this show
ブラボー
No doubt they are based on some kind
今回も素晴らしいお話でした
of pathogen - maybe we'll find out in later episodes
私のコメントは楽しんで頂けましたか
I don't know of any of them that produce these kinds of
医学的表現についてこの作品はいい仕事をしていますね
stick like projections, but let me know
続きの回も見たい方はぜひこの動画をイイねしてください
in the comments if you do
コメントとチャンネル登録もお願いしますそうすれば
So the ability to communicate between cells
私が次回の動画を上げたら通知が届きますよ
totally happens, and you might think
そして前回の動画について今一度お礼申し上げます
how does that happen? Because these neutrophils as we learnt in the first
皆さんの反応に心から驚きました
episode are migrating cells, so they can't really use things like
大変感謝しております
the nervous system to communicate to each other
出来る限り動画を増やしていきます
well they use chemical messengers
それではまた次回早めにお会いしましょう
that we call cytokines. so CYTO
meaning cells, as we talked about earlier, and KINES meaning
kinetic, because these cytokines are when a cell
produces them, draw other cells to that area
so that would be what would be going on here
So the staphylococcus aureus
has clearly done her microbiology class, discussing
all the immune cells and their kind of rough timelines
in fighting infection
Aw, so we have the platelets come to the rescue
and we see the blood clotting here
what we kind of thought we'd see at the beginning of the episode
essentially the blood clotting is a
load of chemical reactions that turn something that's soluble
in water, fibrinogen, so it can be transported around the body
to fibren, something insoluble
that forms this kind of net that we can see that covers
up the clot
Then lots of stuff gets stuck in that net
like the platelets and other cells to form a kind of plug
and to stop any blood-
any more blood from coming out of the blood vessel
Aw, we got a little bit of a brewing love story between the red
blood cell and the white blood cell
I feel bad telling you that... this stuff doesn't happen
And I like her little curved piece of hair she has here
I wonder if that's something relevant or not
That's right, I've been reading the comments
So they do show the plug that the fibrin sticks everything to in the end
So very good! Bravo!
Aw man, that's another fantastic episode
I hope you guys enjoyed my thoughts on it
I mean the show does such a great job with explaining
the medical science
Anyway, but if you want me to look at more episodes, then please give
this video a thumbs up and a comment
and subscribe to the channel as well because then you'll be notified
when I do the next one
Just, again, thank you so much for all the support on the first video
I was absolutely blown away by the response
and I really appreciate it, so I'll keep doing
as much content as I can, so
until next time
I'll see you soon