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  • This is Casablanca, in Morocco, as the US War department mapped it in 1942.

  • They noted everything from the cement works to the hippodrome.

  • This was Casablanca's Casablanca.

  • Across the Mediterranean to Oran, then by train or auto to Casablanca in French Morocco.”

  • But there was an area missing from the movie screen, just beneath the Southern border of

  • this map.

  • This is Bousbir, a walled off sex district in Morocco.

  • It was famous.

  • People sent postcards.

  • It had an official medical dispensary and a police station.

  • Practically speaking, prostitutes were prisoners within these walls.

  • On December 10, 1942, American troops opened Bousbir's gates.

  • As customers.

  • What happened in the next three days in Bousbir is an encapsulation of the surprising ways

  • the American military, and many militaries around the world, fought venereal disease

  • in World War II.

  • You've got gonorrhea, Baker.”

  • Gonorrhea, why I don't know how…”

  • “I do.

  • You had a dirty woman.”

  • Sexually transmitted diseases like gonorrhea and syphilis, also known as venereal diseases,

  • or VD, were a significant problem in America at the time.

  • World War II raised the rates and the stakes.

  • Rates varied widely by geographic region, rank, and service branch.

  • But for example, this chart shows a distribution in the US Air Force in Continental Europe.

  • In October 1944, 120 out of 1000 servicemen had VD.

  • That meant lost days on the battlefield.

  • In August 1944, when the US Seventh Army was liberating France inOperation Dragoon,”

  • about 1 in 10 of the men had VD.

  • The Army recognizes the risks present with a large number of men and the satisfaction

  • of their sexual impulse.”

  • How did the United States fight STDs in the military, while dealing with the stakes and

  • scale of a World War?

  • How did their tactics complementand clash withtoday's values?

  • And where do the bunny rabbits come in?

  • The greatest risk...is that...of venereal...diseases.”

  • If you're smart, you'll keep away from prostitutes and pickups.

  • Most of them have syphilis or gonorrhea.

  • They're not safeand they can't be made safe.”

  • Long before this advice during World War II, VD was a problem in the military.

  • This War Department chart estimated VD rates in the US Army - that peak is actually during

  • the Civil War.

  • But the Great WarWorld War I — started a new era of global war and mass compulsory

  • service.

  • A military draft greatly expanded the pool of soldiers, making education and propaganda

  • techniques necessary.

  • This poster was typical.

  • Pamphlets complemented the message.

  • The United States Public Health Service wanted men, the primary audience, to avoidprostitutes

  • or chippies.”

  • But if they did have sex, it provided instructions for combating disease.

  • Women were given similar instructionsabstain if possible, but if they didhave intercourse

  • with any man except your husband, make him wear a rubber.”

  • Starting in 1914, the American Social Hygiene association formed to boost VD awareness,

  • producing pamphlets and even creating exhibits like this.

  • The army also made it clear that managing VD was part of the war effort.

  • The most famous example was General John Pershing's General Order No. 77, which ordered commanders

  • to attend to venereal infections by running small clinics, or prophylaxis stations, dedicated

  • to VD, makingno half-hearted efforts.”

  • Congress joined the VD fray as well with serious laws focused on areas near training camps.

  • The government shut down red light districts, often clustered near training camps, and

  • quarantined tens of thousands of women.

  • Birds-eye view of a typical rapid treatment center in a Southern state, located in a former

  • CCC camp, as are many of these hospitals.

  • Here, infected women are treated with new intensive therapies for syphilis and gonorrhea.”

  • This created clinics that would last through the 1930s, like this mobile one.

  • Just before World War II, America was having a national conversation about the VD problem

  • outside of the military as well, with the Surgeon General writing a book about it.

  • The book encouraged regular tests for syphilis.

  • So once World War II began, all of these strategies would be in play again, and they'd need

  • to be used in a global war.

  • It is extremely important that you do not go on a drinking party and allow yourself

  • to become so drunk that you get careless.

  • Drunkenness is responsible for much venereal disease.”

  • Movies like Sex Hygiene were compulsory viewing.

  • But focusing on propaganda overlooks that there were multiple strategies which the military

  • employed.

  • The war on VD focused on prevention, treatment, and control, and these efforts interacted

  • in occasionally contradictory ways.

  • As early as 1926, the government began cutting soldiers' pay if they missed work due to VD.

  • That was paired with Sex Hygiene, the film and pamphlet, which included info onwet

  • dreams,” “masturbation (self-abuse),” andsex relations.”

  • That was matched with advice that sexshould be kept for marriagewith eventual entreaties

  • to use prophylaxis.

  • Often, this was a condom:

  • Test it carefully.

  • Inflate it with air as you would a toy balloon until the rubber is fully extended.”

  • The army also distributed medicine to soldiers.

  • Another good way not to get VD is to use the army's new pro kit.

  • It consists of a tube of ointment,

  • a silk cloth,

  • a piece of tissue,

  • and some instructions.”

  • This was the paradox in military propaganda - prostitutes were clearly labeled as disease

  • carriers, but recommendations to get a prophylactic, orpro kitheld equal emphasis.

  • The government also acted aggressively to curb prostitution.

  • The May Act gave the Federal government the right to bust brothels if local areas couldn't.

  • It was used near American military bases, like at Fort Bragg.

  • The Surgeon General also established Venereal Control Officers that year, with duties largely

  • falling to medical officers.

  • Policing extended to soldiers, too.

  • Influenced by charts like these, which appeared in surgeon general Thomas Parran's book,

  • syphilis tracking operations formed in more stable locations.

  • This 1945 Army medical history includes a typical questionnaire administered to soldiers

  • in the Carolinas who had contracted VD.

  • The goal of questions about the time of sex contact and location of thepickupwas

  • to track houses of prostitution.

  • This post-war Navy interviewer's aid, showing techniques used during the war, provided similar

  • guidance: a private interview room; education about the VD chain; and forms with checkboxes

  • for place of encounterbus; dance hall; parkand procurementbellhop; waiter;

  • pimp.

  • This resulted in VD detective casesif a prostitute were tracked to a pick-up spot

  • like theGreen Lantern Cafeafter an interview, the case was sent to a public health

  • worker who sent out a field worker to pull in the prostitute or disease carrier for a

  • medical inspection.

  • This procedure was easier in American controlled areas or during relative peacetime.

  • It happened in England during World War II, with the installation of prophylaxis stations

  • around the country.

  • In further flung locations, this was more difficult, and warnings had to suffice, like

  • this one in Iran, which cautioned soldiers to think of their mother, wife, or sweetheart

  • before going out.

  • So did all of these videos and pamphlets and posters and laws actually work?

  • It's complicated.

  • In Oran, Algeria, the United States military selected the top European brothels.

  • Brothels were set aside by the military- and then segregated.

  • -- 9 for white troops and 2 brothels for black troops, both with their own prophylaxis stations.

  • Military police were stationed inside the brothels between 5 and 9 pm.

  • As early as 1940, the War Department had to send letters to commanding officers to clarify

  • that they did not condone prostitution.

  • But in far flung war-torn countries, that line blurred.

  • This brothel in Manila had a sign for the nearest Prophylaxis station posted on the

  • door.

  • Italy was typical of more destitute countries with rampant solicitation and prostitution.

  • In Naples, prostitution led to large VD treatment centers like this one, well-maintained prophylaxis

  • stations and US army supervised civilian examinations.

  • Towns were officially placed off limits when possible.

  • The military did not ignore wartime realitiesand in 1944 Congress agreed to stop penalizing

  • soldiers' pay if they had VD, with the hope of encouraging reporting.

  • But for all that work, the biggest weapon might have come from these.

  • Industrial monument to the miracle drug.

  • Mass production penicillin plant in Terre Haute, Indiana.

  • Each batch is tested for purity, New Zealand white rabbits serving as subject.

  • Upon how they react depends whether the drug can safely be used for battle casualties with

  • pneumonia, meningitis, gas gangrene, and other wound infections.

  • They seem to enjoy their job of serving mankind.”

  • This chart shows the effects of the drug - even as total VD rose, the introduction of penicillin

  • as a primary treatment reduced days lost.

  • Due to military experiments, penicillin treatment gained its own complicated legacy.

  • But in the context of the military, the drug became a weapon against venereal disease,

  • and it went from military use to the public at large.

  • Here's President Franklin Delano Roosevelt in Casablanca in 1943.

  • This is the footage we expect from World War II.

  • Leaders and marching.

  • But just as war is filled with reversals and contradictions, so are the social projects

  • that surround it.

  • There are other forgotten victims and private injuries.

  • Extras that are missing from the credits.

  • FDR didn't risk running into troops leaving Bousbir.

  • By the time he visited, it was closed to Americans.

  • The official report reads: “Disturbances arising among the troops in the walled city

  • were responsible for this action.

  • The walled city and all other brothels in Casablanca remained off limits from 13 December

  • 1942 throughout the occupation.”

  • What happened between Dec 10 when the troops went inside those walls and Dec 13th when

  • the brothels closed to Americans in Bousbir, in Casablanca?

  • There's a gap in the record.

  • Even today.

  • Thank you so much for watching that video.

  • If you're interested in the research that went into it, Vox actually has a new membership

  • program with lots of extra features.

  • For that program, I have recorded an additional video in which I go into some of the research

  • and all the crazy stories I couldn't fit into the video that you just saw.

  • I'm gonna share one piece of trivia with everybody though, which is that that movie

  • Sex Hygienethat you saw?

  • It was actually directed by the legendary director John Ford, the same person who directed

  • The Searchers.”

This is Casablanca, in Morocco, as the US War department mapped it in 1942.

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第二次世界大戦の性病との戦い (The World War II battle against STDs)

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    宋俊輝 に公開 2021 年 01 月 14 日
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