Name: アニル・セスと意識の神経科学 (The Neuroscience of Consciousness with Anil Seth)
Uploaded: 2021-01-14T07:55:15.000Z
Duration: 1 h 14 s
Description: VoiceTubeの動画で発音を聞きながら英語表現を覚えよう！学べる英語：

- Two out of the three
fundamental mysteries

about our place in the universe
have already been resolved.

The first is literally about
our place in the universe.

Many years ago Copernicus told
us that we were not at its

centre, that we were just a
tiny dot suspended in the abyss.

This is an image of the earth
taken from the probe Voyager 1

as it was leaving the
solar system from about six

All of human history, all of
the history of life on Earth,

that we humans are just
one branch, or one twig,

of a beautifully rich and
delicate evolutionary tree.

is shared even with the lowliest
of our fellow creatures.

The third mystery is
that of consciousness,

Now earlier this year, for
the third time in my life,

As the propofol anaesthetic
flowed from the cannula

in my wrist into my bloodstream
and then into my brain,

Drowsy and disoriented,
but definitely there.

you might be confused what
time it is, especially

in flying somewhere, but you'll
know that some time has passed.

between your consciousness then,
and your consciousness now.

But coming around from
a general anaesthetic,

It could have been five
days, or five years.

And general anaesthesia doesn't
just work on your brain.

By altering the delicate
electrochemical circuitry

of what it is to be is
temporarily abolished.

And in this process lies one
of the greatest remaining

is usually traced to Descartes,
who in the 17th century

distinguished between matter
stuff, res extensa, the stuff

that these desks are made
of, that clothes are made of.

But also the brains and bodies
and made of, material stuff.

And res cogitans, the stuff
of thought, of feelings.

And in making this
distinction, he gave rise

and life has never
been simple ever since.

But Descartes actually
generated even more mischief

which I'm going to mention now,
because it anticipates where

I'm going to end up as the bell
rings when I finish in an hour.

Before Descartes, people
commonly believed in something

called the great chain of
being, with rocks and plants

at one end, and other
non-human animals, a bit higher

up than humans, and then angels
and gods at the very top.

a scale of moral virtue, so that
humans had more moral virtues

than animals and plants,
and then rocks and so on.

Now Descartes, in making
this division between mind

and matter, argued that only
humans had minds, and therefore

moral status, while other
animals didn't have minds.

They were merely physiological
machines, or beast machines,

morally equivalent to
plants, and to rocks.

And in this view, the
physiological mechanisms

that give rise to the
property of being alive

Now I'm going to propose, at the
end of this talk, the opposite.

That our conscious sense of
self arises because of, and not

in spite of, the fact that
we, too, are beast machines.

So to get there, let's return
to the apparent mystery

Now as recently as 1989, which
is quite a while ago, but not

who was founding professor
of experimental psychology

at my university of
Sussex, had this to say.

"Consciousness is a fascinating
but elusive phenomenon.

It is impossible to specify
what it is, what it does,

Nothing worth reading
has been written on it."

I don't think it was true
then, but in any case

And more or less, about
the time that Sutherland

made these remarks, we can
see the birth, or the rebirth,

of the study of consciousness
within the neurosciences.

字幕リスト動画再生

アニル・セスと意識の神経科学 (The Neuroscience of Consciousness with Anil Seth)

stuff

perceive

perception

conscious