Today, we're going to look at cycles, at phrasal verbs, and then we'll finish with a bit of

punctuation.

But now, here's a man who is a microbiologist and a mushroom grower.

He's talking about mushrooms, and the part they play in the carbon cycle.

They occur naturally in the forests as wood degrading fungi. That's their job. When trees

die, they grow on the tree. They break down the lignin and the cellulose, which is the

most resistant form of carbon, and they break it down, produce mushrooms and, in turn, you

end up with organic matter going back into the soil, and so the carbon cycle in the forest

goes on.

The speaker, Noel Arrold, is talking about how mushrooms grow naturally.

They are an important part of the carbon cycle, but what is a cycle?

A cycle is a process that is repeated over and over. It goes around and around.

But how do we know this from listening to Noel?

When trees die, they grow on the tree. They break down the lignin and the cellulose, which

is the most resistant form of carbon, and they break it down, produce mushrooms and,

in turn, you end up with organic matter going back into the soil, and so the carbon cycle

in the forest goes on.

He says: and so the carbon cycle in the forest goes

on.

By saying the cycle goes on he is telling us that this process happens again and again.

At the end of the description, you need to signal that the process goes back to the beginning

again.

We can say:

The process goes on.

The process begins again.

The process repeats itself.

In a cycle, there is no real end or beginning, because the process just keeps going.

When describing a cycle, we need to start somewhere, then describe, in order, each part

of the cycle.

There are many different ways of describing the stages of a cycle. We can use transitional

signals like when, once, then, or next. When speaking, you can also use pauses and intonation

to describe a cycle. In written language, this becomes punctuation.

Listen to Noel Arrold again describing the different parts of the cycle.

When trees die, they grow on the tree.

He says:

When trees die, they grow on the tree.

When trees die comma, they grow on the tree.

The first part of the cycle is that the trees die.

The second part is that when the trees die, fungi grow on the trees.

That's the next stage.

When trees die, they grow on the tree.

They break down the lignin and the cellulose, which is the most resistant form of carbon,

and they break it down, produce mushrooms.

OK, he says that the fungi break down the lignin and the cellulose. They break down

the tree.

So the third stage is that the fungi break down the tree.

Fourth, they produce mushrooms.

When trees die, they grow on the tree.

They break down the lignin and the cellulose, which is the most resistant form of carbon,

and they break it down, produce mushrooms and, in turn, you end up with organic matter

going back into the soil.

He says in turn organic matter goes back into the soil.

In turn signals the next stage of the process. In turn means next, or because of that.

That's the fifth stage. The organic matter goes back into the soil.

And then what happens?

When trees die, they grow on the tree.

They break down the lignin and the cellulose, which is the most resistant form of carbon,

and they break it down, produce mushrooms and, in turn, you end up with organic matter

going back into the soil, and so the carbon cycle in the forest goes on.

The carbon cycle in the forest goes on.

The organic matter helps new trees to grow again, and then those trees die. We're back

to the first stage again. This is the carbon cycle.

OK, now we're going to look at some phrasal verbs.

Phrasal verbs consist of a verb followed by a preposition. This forms a new verb, one

sometimes related to the original verb, but sometimes not.

Phrasal verbs are idiomatic. There's no pattern to the meanings they take, and they often

have a number of different meanings.

You often can't just guess the meanings of phrasal verbs, you have to learn them.

Let's look at the phrasal verbs in this clip.

They break down the lignin and the cellulose which is the most resistant form of carbon,

and they break it down, produce mushrooms and, in turn you, end up with organic matter

going back into the soil, and so the carbon cycle in the forest goes on.

There were four phrasal verbs.

They were:

break down end up

and two using go - go back and go on.

Notice that sometimes the preposition will give you an indication as to what the phrasal

verb might mean.

Let's look at these four.

See if you can match the meanings.

break up end up

go on go back

and finish continue

decompose return

Well break up means to decompose, go back means to return, go on means to continue,

and end up means to finish.

But notice that break up can sometimes mean finish as well - we can break up from school.

In formal writing, we would be more likely to use words like continue or return, than

phrasal verbs, which tend to be less formal. Phrasal verbs are difficult to learn because

there are so many of them.

Look at go. We've already seen it with go back and go on, but there's many, many more,

and remember, most of these have more than one meaning.

It takes a lot of time to get used to all the phrasal verbs and what they mean. You

need to listen carefully to people speaking, and the way they use phrasal verbs.

Another important thing to do is to write them down in groups - and buy a good phrasal

verb dictionary.

So pay attention to those phrasal verbs. Learning them in groups can be fun, and your spoken

English will sound much more natural.

Now we're going to look at some writing tips.

For variety, it's important that you use a lot of different of sentence types, of different

lengths. The difficult thing is finding the balance.

You can join together short sentence using conjunctions, but what do you do with sentences

that are too long?

This sentence has many ideas, all joined together with 'and'.

How many 'ands' are there in the sentence?

They break down the lignin and the cellulose, which is the most resistant form of carbon,

and they break it down, produce mushrooms and, in turn, you end up with organic matter

going back into the soil, and so the carbon cycle in the forest goes on.

There are four 'ands'. This sentence is too long, and should be edited. The ideas can

be broken down into smaller groups and shorter, clearer sentences.

There are several ways of doing this. We can use punctuation, conjunctions and connectors.

So let's have a look. Here's the full sentence.

We can start by using punctuation.

Use a comma to separate clauses.

Use full stops to separate complete ideas and you can replace some of the 'ands' with

full stops, but remember the new sentence must now start with a capital letter.

Now we have a clear paragraph, expressing a number of ideas with different kinds of

sentences.

And the carbon cycle goes on, but we can't go on - it's time to end this episode of Study

English, but I'll see you next time. Bye bye.