and when I was 18 months old, I had polio.

I was in an iron lung for three months

and in and out of the hospital for three years.

Now, we had lots of neighbors in our Brooklyn neighborhood,

and some of them were really very helpful for my parents.

Some of them were really afraid of contagion,

and they wouldn't even walk in front of our house.

They would literally walk across the street.

I think this was a time when my family really began to realize

what disability meant to some people:

fear.

And it wasn't even a sure thing that I would live at home,

although I didn't learn about this until I was 36 years old.

I was having a discussion with my father one night,

and he said, "You know, when you were two years old,

one of the doctors suggested to your mom and I

that you live in an institution,

that they could just go ahead with their lives

and raise their kids

and kind of be done with having to deal with all the disability-related things.

I didn't believe my father, not because he was a liar,

but I'd never heard this story,

and my mother in fact validated that.

She never wanted to tell me.

But in reality, I don't know why I was really surprised by this story,

because when I was five years old,

and my mother, like mothers and fathers all across the United States,

was taking me to school to enroll,

she pushed my wheelchair to the school in walking distance to our house,

pulled the wheelchair up the steps into the school,

and we were greeted by the principal.

Not really greeted.

But the principal said, no, I couldn't come to that school

because it wasn't accessible.

But he told us not to worry,

because the Board of Education in fact would send a teacher to my house.

And they did

for a total of two and a half hours

a week.

(Audience murmurs)

But for good behavior,

they threw in an occupational therapist

who taught me that very essential skill

of cross-stitching.

(Laughter)

I don't cross-stitch today.

(Laughter)

I didn't actually get to go to school in a real building

until I was nine years old,

and then I was in classes only with disabled children

in a school that had mainly nondisabled children.

And in my classes,

there were students up to the age of 21.

And then, after 21,

they went to something called sheltered workshops

with menial work

and earning either nothing or below minimum wage.

So I understood discrimination.

My parents understood discrimination.

My parents came from Germany.

They were German Jews who left in the 1930s,

escaping the Holocaust.

My parents lost family and they lost parents.

Both my parents lost their parents in the Holocaust.

And so they realized

that they could not be silent

as things were going wrong for me in my life.

Not me personally,

but what was going on around me.

They learned that because I used a wheelchair,

none of the high schools in New York City, in the entire city,

were wheelchair accessible,

so what was supposed to happen

is I was supposed to go back onto home instruction

along with many other students.

So my parents banded together with other parents.

They went to the Board of Education

and they demanded that the Board of Ed make some of the high schools accessible.

And they did.

And so I and many others

were finally able to go to high school, a regular high school,

and take regular classes.

So what happened next?

I was learning more and more about what discrimination was,

and equally important, I was learning that I needed to become my own advocate.

I was entering college, Long Island University,

and I had always wanted to be a teacher,

and so I minored in education and I took all the appropriate courses,

and then when it was time for me to go for my license,

I had to take a written exam,

an oral exam

and a medical exam.

At that time, all three of those exams

were given in completely inaccessible buildings,

so I had friends who carried me up and down the steps

for these exams,

not in a motorized wheelchair.

(Laughter)

In a manual wheelchair.

But I passed my oral exam.

I passed my written exam.

My medical exam was something completely different.

One of the first questions the doctor asked me

was, could I please show her how I went to the bathroom.

I was 22 years old

and you know when you go for any kind of an interview,

you think about all the kinds of questions that people could ask you?

(Laughter)

That was not one of them.

And I was freaked out in the first place

because I had heard

that there were actually no disabled people using wheelchairs

who were teachers in New York,

so each step along the way I was expecting something bad.

So I said to her,

is it a requirement that teachers show their students

how to go to the bathroom?

If it is, I can do that.

So no surprise,

I was failed

because I didn't pass the medical.

The official reason that I was denied my job

was paralysis of poliomyelitis sequelae of -- I'm sorry.

Paralysis of both lower limbs, sequelae of poliomyelitis.

Honestly, I didn't know what the word "sequelae" meant,

so I went to the dictionary, and it meant "because of."

So I'd been denied my license because I couldn't walk.

So what was I going to do?

This is a really important time in my life,

because it would be the first time

that I really would be challenging the system, me,

and although I was working with a lot of other friends who had disabilities

who were encouraging me to move forward with this,

it was nonetheless quite frightening.

But I was really very lucky.

I had a friend who was a disabled student at Long Island University

and was also a stringer at the "New York Times,"

and he was able to get a reporter

to write a really good piece about what had happened

and why he thought what had happened was wrong.

The next day there was an editorial in the "New York Times"

with the title of "Heumann v. The Board of Education"

and the "New York Times" came out in support

of my getting my teaching license.

(Applause)

And then the same day,

I got a call from an attorney who was writing a book about civil rights.

And he was calling me to interview me,

and I was interviewing him.

He didn't know that.

And at the end of our discussion, I said,

"Would you be willing to represent me? I want to sue the Board of Education."

And he said yes.

Now, sometimes I say that the stars were aligned around this court case,

because we had an amazing judge:

the first African American female federal judge --

(Laughter)

Constance Baker Motley.

(Applause)

And she knew discrimination when she saw it.

(Laughter)

So she strongly encouraged the Board of Ed

to give me another medical exam,

which they did.

And then I got my license,

and while it took a number of months

for me to actually get a principal to offer me a job,

I finally did get a job and I started teaching that fall

in the same school that I had gone to,

second grade.

So --

(Applause)

That's a whole other TED Talk.

(Laughter)

But I was learning as my friends were,

and people I didn't know around the country,

that we had to be our own advocates,

that we needed to fight back people's view

that if you had a disability, you needed to be cured,

that equality was not part of the equation.

And we were learning from the Civil Rights Movement

and from the Women's Rights Movement.

We were learning from them about their activism

and their ability to come together,

not only to discuss problems

but to discuss solutions.

And what was born is what we call today the Disability Rights Movement.

So I'd like to tell you a couple of riddles.

How many people do you think it takes

to stop traffic on Madison Avenue

during rush hour in New York City?

Do you have a guess? How many?

(Audience members shout out answers)

Fifty.

One would be too little.

Fifty people.

And there were no accessible paddy wagons,

so they had to just kind of deal with us.

(Laughter)

(Applause)

But let me tell you another riddle.

How many people does it take to stop a bus in New York City

when they refuse to let you on because you're in a wheelchair?

One. That is the right answer.

So what you have to do though

is take your wheelchair --

(Laughter)

Sidle in the right place right in front of the steps

and give it a little push underneath,

and then their bus can't move.

(Laughter)

Any of you who want to learn how to do that,

talk to me after this.

(Laughter)

In 1972, President Nixon vetoed the Rehabilitation Act.

We protested. He signed it.

Then the regulations that needed to be promulgated to implement that law

had not in fact been signed.

We demonstrated. They were signed.

And when the Americans With Disabilities Act, the ADA,

our Emancipation Proclamation Act,

looked as though it might not in fact be passed in the House or Senate,

disabled people from all across the United States came together

and they crawled up the Capitol steps.

That was an amazing day,

and the House and Senate passed the ADA.

And then President Bush signed the ADA.

It's a great picture.

President Bush signed the ADA on the lawn of the White House.

It was an amazing day,

and there are about 2,000 people there.

It was July 26, 1990.

And one of the most famous statements he had in his speech

was, "Let the shameful walls of exclusion finally come tumbling down."

For any of you in the room

who are 50 or older, or maybe or even 40 or older,

you remember a time when there were no ramps on the streets,

when buses were not accessible,

when trains were not accessible,

where there were no wheelchair-accessible bathrooms in shopping malls,

where you certainly did not have a sign language interpreter,

or captioning, or braille or other kinds of supports.

These things have changed,

and they have inspired the world.

And disabled people around the world want laws like we have,

and they want those laws enforced.

And so what we've seen is something called

the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.

It is a treaty that was adopted in 2006.

It's celebrating is 10-year anniversary.

More than 165 countries have joined this treaty.