At first, I didn't really mind.

I thought he was having a small reception.

But then I kept meeting people who were going to the same wedding,

and they weren't as close to the groom as I was ...

and I felt left out.

That really sucked.

It felt really unfair.

For my daughters, Lipsi and Greta, it was last week.

They were taking turns massaging their mom's back

with a toy for back rubs,

and then one of the girls felt that the other girl had a longer go.

That's when I walk into the room

to find Greta in a rage, shouting, "That's not fair!"

and Lipsi in tears,

and my wife holding a stopwatch

to make sure that each girl had precisely one minute on the toy.

So if you're anything like me or my girls,

the last thing that upset you

probably also had to do with unfairness.

That's because unfairness triggers us so strongly

that we can't think straight.

We become afraid and suspicious.

Our unfairness antennae stick up.

We feel pain, and we walk away.

Unfairness is one of the defining issues of our society,

it's one of the root causes of polarization,

and it's bad news for business.

At work, unfairness makes people defensive and disengaged.

A study shows that 70 percent of workers in the US are disengaged,

and this is costing the companies

550 billion dollars a year every year.

This is, like, half the total spent on education in the US.

This is the size of the GDP of a country like Austria.

So removing unfairness and promoting fairness

should be our priority.

But what does it mean in practice?

Is it about more rules? Is it about systems?

Is it about equality?

Well, partly, but fairness is more interesting than rules and equality.

Fairness works in surprising ways.

15 years ago, I left a US investment bank

to join a large Italian state-owned oil company.

It was a different world.

I thought the key to getting the best performance

was a risk-reward system

where you could give the high performers bonuses and promotions

and give the underperformers something to worry about.

But in this company, we had fixed salaries

and lifelong jobs.

Careers were set,

so my toolkit wasn't very effective,

and I was frustrated.

But then I saw that this company was producing some pockets of excellence,

areas in which they beat the competition

in very tough, competitive sectors.

This was true in trading,

in project management --

it was very true in exploration.

Our exploration team was finding more oil and gas

than any other company in the world.

It was a phenomenon.

Everyone was trying to figure out how this was possible.

I thought it was luck,

but after each new discovery, that became less and less likely.

So did we have a special tool? No.

Did we have a killer application that no one else had? No.

Was it one genius who was finding oil for the whole team?

No, we hadn't hired a senior guy in years.

So what was our secret sauce?

I started looking at them really carefully.

I looked at my friend,

who drilled seven dry wells,

writing off more than a billion dollars for the company,

and found oil on the eighth.

I was nervous for him ...

but he was so relaxed.

I mean, these guys knew what they were doing.

And then it hit me: it was about fairness.

These guys were working in a company

where they didn't need to worry about short-term results.

They weren't going to be penalized for bad luck or for an honest mistake.

They knew they were valued for what they were trying to do,

not the outcome.

They were valued as human beings. They were part of a community.

Whatever happened, the company would stand by them.

And for me, this is the definition of fairness.

It's when you can lower those unfairness antennae, put them at rest.

Then great things follow.

These guys could be true to their purpose, which was finding oil and gas.

They didn't have to worry about company politics or greed or fear.

They could be good risk-takers,

because they weren't too defensive

and they weren't gambling to take huge rewards.

And they were excellent team workers.

They could trust their colleagues.

They didn't need to look behind their backs.

And they were basically having fun.

They were having so much fun,

one guy even confessed

that he was having more fun at the company Christmas dinner

than at his own Christmas dinner.

(Laughter)

But these guys, essentially, were working in a fair system

where they could do what they felt was right

instead of what's selfish, what's quick, what's convenient,

and to be able to do what we feel is right

is a key ingredient for fairness, but it is also a great motivator.

And it wasn't just explorers who were doing the right thing.

There was an HR director who proposed that I hire someone internally

and give him a managerial job.

This guy was very good, but he didn't finish high school,

so formally, he had no qualifications.

But he was so good, it made sense, and so we gave him the job.

Or the other guy, who asked me for a budget to build a cheese factory

next to our plant in Ecuador, in the village.

It didn't make any sense: no one ever built a cheese factory.

But this is what the village wanted, because the milk they had would spoil

before they could sell it, so that's what they needed.

And so we built it.

So in these examples and many others,

I learned that to be fair,

my colleagues and I, we needed to take a risk and stick our head out,

but in a fair system, you can do that.

You can dare to be fair.

So I realized that these guys and other colleagues

were achieving great results, doing great things,

in a way that no bonus could buy.

So I was fascinated.

I wanted to learn how this thing really worked,

and I wanted to learn it also for myself, to become a better leader.

So I started talking to colleagues, to coaches,

to headhunters and neuroscientists,

and what I discovered

is that what these guys were up to and the way they worked

is really supported by recent brain science.

And I've also discovered that this can work at all levels

in any type of company.

You don't need the fixed salaries or the stable careers.

This is because science shows

that humans have an innate sense of fairness.

We know what is right and what is wrong

before we can talk or think about it.

My favorite experiment

has six-month old babies

watching a ball trying to struggle up a hill.

And there's a helpful, friendly square that pushes the ball up the hill,

and then a mean triangle pushes the ball back down.

After watching this several times,

they ask the babies to pick,

to choose what to play with.

They can pick a ball, a square or a triangle.

They never pick up the triangle.

All the babies want to be the square.

And science also shows

that when we see or perceive fairness,

our brain releases a substance that gives us pleasure,

proper joy.

But when we perceive unfairness, we feel pain ...

even greater pain

than the same type of pain as if I really hurt myself.

That's because unfairness triggers the primitive, reptile part of our brain,

the part that deals with threats and survival,

and when unfairness triggers a threat, that's all we can think about.

Motivation, creativity, teamwork,

they all go way back.

And it makes sense that we're wired this way,

because we're social animals.

We need to be part of a community to survive.

We're born so helpless

that someone needs to look after us until we're maybe 10 years old,

so our brain evolves towards food.

We need to be in that community.

So whether I like it or not,

not being invited to the friend's wedding,

my lizard brain is generating the same response

as if I'm about to be pushed out from my community.

So science explains quite nicely why fairness is good

and why unfairness makes us really defensive,

but science also shows that in a fair environment,

not only do we all want to be the square,

but we tend to be the square,

and this allows other people to be fair in turn.

This creates a beautiful fairness circle.

But while we start off fair ...

one drop of unfairness contaminates the whole pool,

and unfortunately, there's plenty of drops in that pool.

So our effort should be to filter out

as much unfairness as we can from everywhere,

starting from our communities, starting from our companies.

I worry about this a lot because I lead a team of 3,000 excellent people,

and the difference between 3,000 happy, motivated team workers

and 3,000 clock-watchers is everything.

So the first thing I try to do in my fairness crusade

is to try to take myself out of the equation.

That means being aware of my own biases.

For example, I really like people who say yes

to whatever I suggest.

(Laughter)

But that's not very good for the company

and not very good for anyone who has different ideas.

So we try to actively promote a culture of diversity of opinions

and diversity of character.

The second thing we do is a little more procedural.

We look at all the rules, the processes, the systems in the company,

the ones we use to take decisions and allocate resources,

and we try to get rid of anything that's not very clear,

not very rational, doesn't make sense,

and we also try to fix anything that's limiting

the transfer of information within the company.

We then look at the culture and the motivation for the same reasons.

But my point is that however hard you look at the rules,

the processes, the systems -- and we have to do that --

but however hard we look,

we're never going to do enough to get to the real essence of fairness.

That's because the last mile of fairness requires something else.

It's about what people's emotions are,

what their needs are,

what's going on in their private lives,

what society needs.

These are all questions and elements

that are very hard to put into a spreadsheet, into an algorithm.

It's very hard to make them part of our rational decision.

But if we miss these, we're missing key important points,

and the outcome is likely to feel unfair.

So we should cross-check our decisions with our fairness center switched on.

Is it right that this guy should get the job he's really hoping to get?

Is it right that this guy should be fired?

Is it right that we should be charging so much for this product?

These are tough questions.

But if we take the time to ask ourselves

whether the rational answer is the right one ...

we all know deep inside what the answer is.

We've known since we were babies.

And to know what the right answer is

is pretty cool for decision-making.

And if we turn on our hearts,

that's the key to getting the real best out of people,