I brought along with me an abalone shell.

自然界で物質はどう作られるのでしょう

This abalone shell is a biocomposite material

アワビの貝殻を持って来ました

that's 98 percent by mass calcium carbonate

これは生物が作り出した材料です

and two percent by mass protein.

質量の98%が 炭酸カルシウム

Yet, it's 3,000 times tougher than its geological counterpart.

質量の2%が タンパク質で

And a lot of people might use structures like abalone shells,

生息環境にあるほかの物質より

like chalk.

3,000倍も頑丈にできています

I've been fascinated by how nature makes materials,

アワビの貝殻のような構造物は広く利用されています

and there's a lot of secrets to how they do such an exquisite job.

例えば チョークです

Part of it is that these materials are macroscopic in structure,

自然界の物づくりは魅力的で

but they're formed at the nano scale.

その妙技から

They're formed at the nano scale,

たくさんのことが学べます

and they use proteins that are coded by the genetic level

例えば これは

that allow them to build these really exquisite structures.

肉眼で見える構造物ですが

So something I think is very fascinating is:

ナノスケールで

What if you could give life to non-living structures,

組み立てられています

like batteries and like solar cells?

遺伝子レベルでコード化されたタンパク質を使うことで

What if they had some of the same capabilities

精巧な構造物を組み上げることができるのです

that an abalone shell did,

そこで 生命を持たない ―

in terms of being able to build really exquisite structures

例えば 太陽電池などの各種の電池に

at room temperature and room pressure,

命を持たせたらどうなるのか

using nontoxic chemicals

とても興味がわいてきます

and adding no toxic materials back into the environment?

生命を持たない物体が

So that's kind of the vision that I've been thinking about.

アワビの貝殻と同じ能力をもつ

And so what if you could grow a battery in a Petri dish?

つまり 室温 大気圧下で

Or what if you could give genetic information to a battery

無害な化学物質を使って

so that it could actually become better as a function of time, and do so

精巧な構造物を作る能力をもち

in an environmentally friendly way?

有害な物質を

And so, going back to this abalone shell,

環境に出さないとしたらどうでしょう？

besides being nanostructured, one thing that's fascinating is,

そんなことを思い描いてきたのです

when a male and female abalone get together,

シャーレで電池を育てられたら？

they pass on the genetic information that says,

電池に遺伝情報を組み込んで

"This is how to build an exquisite material.

時間の経過とともに

Here's how to do it at room temperature and pressure,

進化させられたら？

using nontoxic materials."

しかも環境に優しくできないか？

Same with diatoms, which are shown right here,

アワビの貝殻に話を戻しますが

which are glasseous structures.

ナノ構造もそうですが

Every time the diatoms replicate,

もう一つ興味を引かれるのは

they give the genetic information that says,

アワビのオスとメスが協力して

"Here's how to build glass in the ocean that's perfectly nanostructured."

遺伝情報を伝える点です

And you can do it the same, over and over again."

「精巧な物質は こう組み立てる」

So what if you could do the same thing with a solar cell or a battery?

「室温 大気圧下で こうやる」

I like to say my favorite biomaterial is my four year old.

「無害な材料で こうやる」

But anyone who's ever had or knows small children knows,

ケイ藻も同じです ガラスのような構造をしていて

they're incredibly complex organisms.

分裂する時に

If you wanted to convince them to do something they don't want to do,

遺伝情報を伝えます

it's very difficult.

「完全なナノ構造のガラスを

So when we think about future technologies,

海で組み上げるにはこうする」

we actually think of using bacteria and viruses --

「同じように繰り返せる」

simple organisms.

太陽電池などの電池で 同じように

Can you convince them to work with a new toolbox,

できたらどうでしょう？

so they can build a structure that will be important to me?

大好きなバイオマテリアルは ４歳の子です

Also, when we think about future technologies,

育児経験者や よくご存知の方ならお分かりでしょうが

we start with the beginning of Earth.

４歳の子どもは ややこしい生命体です

Basically, it took a billion years to have life on Earth.

無理に何かをさせるのは

And very rapidly, they became multi-cellular,

とても大変です

they could replicate, they could use photosynthesis

そこで 未来のテクノロジーについて検討する時

as a way of getting their energy source.

細菌やウイルスといった

But it wasn't until about 500 million years ago --

原始的な生物の利用を考えます

during the Cambrian geologic time period --

新しいツールボックスを利用して

that organisms in the ocean started making hard materials.

私たちにとって意味ある構造物を

Before that, they were all soft, fluffy structures.

作らせることが可能でしょうか？

It was during this time that there was increased calcium,

未来のテクノロジーを検討するとき

iron and silicon in the environment,

地球誕生から考え始めます

and organisms learned how to make hard materials.

地球に生命が生まれるまで

So that's what I would like to be able to do,

10億年かかりました

convince biology to work with the rest of the periodic table.

急速に多細胞化して

Now, if you look at biology,

複製可能となり エネルギー供給手段として

there's many structures like DNA, antibodies, proteins and ribosomes

光合成も可能になりました

you've heard about,

でも５億年ほど前

that are nanostructured --

カンブリア紀に入ってようやく

nature already gives us really exquisite structures on the nano scale.

海の生命が 堅い物質を作るようになりました

What if we could harness them

それまでは 柔らかくふわっとしていたのです

and convince them to not be an antibody that does something like HIV?

この時代 その環境には

What if we could convince them to build a solar cell for us?

カルシウムと鉄とケイ素が

Here are some examples.

増えていました

Natural shells, natural biological materials.

生命体は堅い物質を作る方法を習得しました

The abalone shell here.

私は これを実現したいのです

If you fracture it, you can look at the fact that it's nanostructured.

周期表の残りの元素を

There's diatoms made out of SiO2,

生物に活用してもらうのです

and there are magnetotactic bacteria

生物をよく見ると DNAや抗体

that make small, single-domain magnets used for navigation.

タンパク質　リボゾームなど

What all these have in common

ナノ構造の物質はたくさんあります

is these materials are structured at the nano scale,

自然界はナノスケールの

and they have a DNA sequence that codes for a protein sequence

精巧な構造物を

that gives them the blueprint

用意してくれています

to be able to build these really wonderful structures.

HIVのような仕組みで

Now, going back to the abalone shell,

ナノスケールの生体組織に

the abalone makes this shell by having these proteins.

抗体を作らせないようにして

These proteins are very negatively charged.

太陽電池を作らせるのは

They can pull calcium out of the environment,

どうでしょう？

and put down a layer of calcium and then carbonate, calcium and carbonate.

これは自然界の貝殻です

It has the chemical sequences of amino acids which says,

自然界のバイオマテリアルです

"This is how to build the structure.

アワビの貝殻を割ってみると

Here's the DNA sequence, here's the protein sequence

ナノ構造が見つかります

in order to do it."

二酸化ケイ素で作られたケイ藻は

So an interesting idea is,

走磁性細菌といい

what if you could take any material you wanted,

小さな単磁区を作って方向を判断します

or any element on the periodic table,

共通点は ナノスケールで

and find its corresponding DNA sequence,

組み上げられている点と

then code it for a corresponding protein sequence to build a structure,

タンパク質配列をコード化した

but not build an abalone shell --

DNA配列が

build something that nature has never had the opportunity to work with yet.

すばらしい構造を作るための

And so here's the periodic table.

設計図となっている点です

I absolutely love the periodic table.

アワビの貝殻は

Every year for the incoming freshman class at MIT,

こういったタンパク質を使って貝殻を作っています

I have a periodic table made that says,

タンパク質は負の電荷を帯びて

"Welcome to MIT. Now you're in your element."

環境からカルシウムを取り込み

(Laughter)

カルシウムの層を作り 炭酸塩化することを繰り返します

And you flip it over, and it's the amino acids

アミノ酸の化学的配列から指示が出ています

with the pH at which they have different charges.

「こうやって作る」

And so I give this out to thousands of people.

「これが 実行するための —

And I know it says MIT and this is Caltech,

DNA配列 タンパク質配列」

but I have a couple extra if people want it.

面白いアイデアがあります　所望の物質や元素を

I was really fortunate to have President Obama visit my lab this year

組み上げるための

on his visit to MIT,

DNA配列を見つけ出して

and I really wanted to give him a periodic table.

アワビの貝殻ではなく

So I stayed up at night and talked to my husband,

所望の構造物を作れるように タンパク質配列を

"How do I give President Obama a periodic table?

コード化することで

What if he says, 'Oh, I already have one,'

まだ利用されていない自然の力を利用するのです

or, 'I've already memorized it?'"

こちらは 私の大好きな

(Laughter)

周期表です

So he came to visit my lab and looked around -- it was a great visit.

毎年 MITの新入生に配る周期表で

And then afterward, I said,

こう書いてあります

"Sir, I want to give you the periodic table,

「ようこそMITへ 得意分野（エレメント）を学ぼう」

in case you're ever in a bind and need to calculate molecular weight."

裏には アミノ酸が記載されています

(Laughter)

等電点も示してあります

I thought "molecular weight" sounded much less nerdy than "molar mass."

何千もの人に配っています

(Laughter)

MITと書かれていますが

And he looked at it and said,

こちらの大学でもお配りします

"Thank you. I'll look at it periodically."

オバマ大統領の MIT訪問時に

(Laughter)

私の研究室にも

(Applause)

招くことになったので

Later in a lecture that he gave on clean energy,

ぜひ周期表を渡したくて

he pulled it out and said,

夜遅くに夫に尋ねました

"And people at MIT, they give out periodic tables." So ...

「どうやって周期表を渡したらいい？

So basically what I didn't tell you

持ってるとか 覚えてるとか

is that about 500 million years ago, the organisms started making materials,

言われたらどうしよう」

but it took them about 50 million years to get good at it --

大統領が研究室を訪れて

50 million years to learn how to perfect how to make that abalone shell.

素晴らしい視察を終えた時

And that's a hard sell to a graduate student:

こう切り出しました

"I have this great project ... 50 million years ..."

「周期表を差し上げます

So we had to develop a way of trying to do this more rapidly.

緊急時に分子量を計算する必要があるかもしれませんから」

And so we use a nontoxic virus called M13 bacteriophage,

モル質量よりも分子量と言う方が

whose job is to infect bacteria.

オタクっぽくないかと ...

Well, it has a simple DNA structure

大統領は周期表を見て

that you can go in and cut and paste additional DNA sequences into it,

「ありがとう

and by doing that, it allows the virus to express random protein sequences.

周期的に見るよ」

This is pretty easy biotechnology,

（笑）

and you could basically do this a billion times.

（拍手）

So you can have a billion different viruses

後日 大統領は クリーンエネルギーの講演で

that are all genetically identical,

周期表を出して言いました

but they differ from each other based on their tips,

「MITでは周期表をもらえる」

on one sequence,

まだ言っていませんでしたが

that codes for one protein.

５億年前 原始的な生命体が物質を作り始めましたが

Now if you take all billion viruses, and put them in one drop of liquid,

上達まで５千万年かかりました

you can force them to interact with anything you want

アワビの貝殻の作り方を

on the periodic table.

５千万年かけて会得したのです

And through a process of selection evolution,

院生に求めるのは無理です

you can pull one of a billion that does something you'd like it to do,

「すごいプロジェクトだけど ５千万年かかるの」

like grow a battery or a solar cell.

もっと迅速にやる方法を

Basically, viruses can't replicate themselves; they need a host.

開拓しなければなりません

Once you find that one out of a billion,

そこで 細菌に感染する

you infect it into a bacteria, and make millions and billions of copies

毒性の無いウイルスである

of that particular sequence.

M13バクテリオファージを使います

The other thing that's beautiful about biology

DNAの構造がシンプルで

is that biology gives you really exquisite structures

DNA配列の切り貼りが

with nice link scales.

簡単にできます

These viruses are long and skinny,

このようにウイルスを使って

and we can get them to express the ability

ランダムにタンパク質配列を発現させることができます

to grow something like semiconductors

遺伝子工学としては簡単で

or materials for batteries.

無数に繰り返すことができます

Now, this is a high-powered battery that we grew in my lab.

一種類のタンパク質を作る

We engineered a virus to pick up carbon nanotubes.

一つの配列を除いて

One part of the virus grabs a carbon nanotube,

同じ遺伝子をもつウイルスを

the other part of the virus has a sequence

無数に

that can grow an electrode material for a battery,

作ることができます

and then it wires itself to the current collector.

その無数のウイルスを

And so through a process of selection evolution,

一滴の液体に入れて

we went from being able to have a virus that made a crummy battery

任意の元素と相互作用させます

to a virus that made a good battery

そして 選択と進化を経て

to a virus that made a record-breaking, high-powered battery

太陽電池の育成など所望の働きをするウイルスを

that's all made at room temperature, basically at the benchtop.

一つ選び出せます

That battery went to the White House for a press conference,

ウイルスは自己複製できず宿主が必要ですから

and I brought it here.

膨大な中から一つ見つけたら

You can see it in this case that's lighting this LED.

細菌に感染させて

Now if we could scale this,

その特定の配列を

you could actually use it to run your Prius,

無数に複製させます

which is kind of my dream -- to be able to drive a virus-powered car.

生物がすばらしいのは

(Laughter)

精密で

But basically you can pull one out of a billion,

精巧な構造物を作る点です

and make lots of amplifications to it.

こちらの長くて薄いウイルスに

Basically, you make an amplification in the lab,

発現能力を与えて

and then you get it to self-assemble into a structure like a battery.

半導体や電池の材料を

We're able to do this also with catalysis.

育成させることができます

This is the example of a photocatalytic splitting of water.

こちらは 私の研究室で育成している高出力電池です

And what we've been able to do is engineer a virus

ウイルスを改良して 一部分でカーボンナノチューブを

to basically take dye-absorbing molecules

つかめるようにしてあって

and line them up on the surface of the virus

ほかの部分に 電池の

so it acts as an antenna,

電極材料を育成する配列を組み込んであります

and you get an energy transfer across the virus.

さらに 電極材料を電流コレクタに接続します

And then we give it a second gene to grow an inorganic material

選択と進化を経て

that can be used to split water into oxygen and hydrogen,

性能の悪い電池を作っていたウイルスが

that can be used for clean fuels.

性能の良い

I brought an example of that with me today.

記録的な高出力の電池を作るウイルスに変わりました

My students promised me it would work.

すべて室温の実験台で作れます

These are virus-assembled nanowires.

ホワイトハウスでの会見に持って行った電池が

When you shine light on them, you can see them bubbling.

こちらです

In this case, you're seeing oxygen bubbles come out.

この箱の中で LEDを点灯させています

(Applause)

もっと大きくできれば

Basically, by controlling the genes,

実際にプリウスも

you can control multiple materials to improve your device performance.

動かせるようになります

The last example are solar cells.

ウイルス駆動車を運転するのが私の夢です

You can also do this with solar cells.

膨大な数の

We've been able to engineer viruses to pick up carbon nanotubes

ウイルスから一つを抜き出して

and then grow titanium dioxide around them,

大量に複製することができます

and use it as a way of getting electrons through the device.

複製は実験室でできます

And what we've found is through genetic engineering,

そうやって 自己組織化させて

we can actually increase the efficiencies of these solar cells

電池などを作らせるのです

to record numbers

触媒作用も利用できます

for these types of dye-sensitized systems.

これは 光触媒作用により

And I brought one of those as well,

水が分離する例です

that you can play around with outside afterward.

これまでに可能になったのは

So this is a virus-based solar cell.

ウイルスを改良して その表面に

Through evolution and selection,

色素吸着分子を並べて

we took it from an eight percent efficiency solar cell

アンテナとして機能させ

to an 11 percent efficiency solar cell.

ウイルスを介してエネルギーを伝えることです

So I hope that I've convinced you

別の遺伝子には

that there's a lot of great, interesting things to be learned

水を 酸素と水素に

about how nature makes materials,

分解するような

and about taking it the next step,

無機材料を育成させます

to see if you can force or take advantage of how nature makes materials,

これでクリーンな燃料を作れます

to make things that nature hasn't yet dreamed of making.

サンプルを持って来ました

Thank you.

学生は動くと言っていました

(Applause)

ウイルスが作ったナノワイヤーが