reminds me of one of my favorite stories from the Middle East,

困難な交渉の話になると

of a man who left to his three sons, 17 camels.

中東に伝わる --

To the first son, he left half the camels;

お気に入りの話が浮かびます

to the second son, he left a third of the camels;

ある男が３人の息子に17頭のラクダを残しました

and to the youngest son, he left a ninth of the camels.

長男に半分

The three sons got into a negotiation -- 17 doesn't divide by two.

次男に３分の１

It doesn't divide by three.

三男に９分の１です

It doesn't divide by nine.

３人の息子は交渉を始めました

Brotherly tempers started to get strained.

17は２で割れない

Finally, in desperation,

３でも割れない

they went and they consulted a wise old woman.

９でも割れない

The wise old woman thought about their problem for a long time,

兄弟間の緊張が高まり始めて

and finally she came back and said, "Well, I don't know if I can help you,

ついにどうしようもなくなり

but at least, if you want, you can have my camel."

頭の良い老婆に相談しました

So then, they had 18 camels.

老婆は長い間考え

The first son took his half -- half of 18 is nine.

戻ってきて言いました

The second son took his third -- a third of 18 is six.

「力になれるか分からないが

The youngest son took his ninth -- a ninth of 18 is two.

とりあえず必要なら私のラクダをやろう」

You get 17.

ラクダは18頭になりました

They had one camel left over.

長男は18頭の半分にあたる９頭をもらいました

They gave it back to the wise old woman.

次男は18頭の３分の１にあたる６頭をもらいました

(Laughter)

三男は18頭の９分の１にあたる --

Now, if you think about that story for a moment,

２頭をもらいました

I think it resembles a lot of the difficult negotiations

合計17頭です

we get involved in.

１頭余ったので

They start off like 17 camels, no way to resolve it.

老婆に返しました

Somehow, what we need to do

（笑い）

is step back from those situations, like that wise old woman,

少し考えてみると

look at the situation through fresh eyes

この話は

and come up with an 18th camel.

私たちを巻き込む多くの困難な交渉に似ています

Finding that 18th camel in the world's conflicts

17頭のラクダでは解決できません

has been my life passion.

とにかく必要なのは

I basically see humanity a bit like those three brothers.

老婆のように一歩引いて

We're all one family.

新しい視点から状況を見つめ

We know that scientifically,

18頭目のラクダに気づくことです

thanks to the communications revolution,

世界の紛争で

all the tribes on the planet -- all 15,000 tribes --

18頭目のラクダを見つけることが 私の生涯の使命です

are in touch with each other.

人類は あの３兄弟に似ていると思います

And it's a big family reunion.

私たちは一つの家族です

And yet, like many family reunions,

それは科学的に明らかです

it's not all peace and light.

通信革命のおかげで

There's a lot of conflict,

地球上にいる１万５千の部族みんなが

and the question is: How do we deal with our differences?

連絡を取り合えます

How do we deal with our deepest differences,

大家族の集いです

given the human propensity for conflict

もちろん家族の集いによくあるように

and the human genius at devising weapons of enormous destruction?

平和でもなく気楽でもありません

That's the question.

紛争が多いのです

As I've spent the last better part of three decades, almost four,

そこで疑問が浮かびます

traveling the world,

どうすれば不和を解消できるでしょうか？

trying to work, getting involved in conflicts

人間は紛争をするものであり

ranging from Yugoslavia to the Middle East

恐るべき破壊力の兵器が

to Chechnya to Venezuela --

人間の知性から生み出される中で

some of the most difficult conflicts on the face of the planet --

どうすれば深刻な不和を解消できるのでしょうか？

I've been asking myself that question.

それが問題です

And I think I've found, in some ways, what is the secret to peace.

ここ30年から40年の

It's actually surprisingly simple.

大半の期間を費やして

It's not easy, but it's simple.

世界中を訪れて

It's not even new.

紛争を体験してきました

It may be one of our most ancient human heritages.

ユーゴスラビア　中東

The secret to peace is us.

チェチェン　ベネズエラなど

It's us who act as a surrounding community around any conflict,

地球上で最もやっかいな紛争地域をいくつか訪れたのです

who can play a constructive role.

先ほどの問題を自問し続け

Let me give you just a story, an example.

平和を導く秘策が何かについて

About 20 years ago,

何かしらの答えが出たと思います

I was in South Africa, working with the parties in that conflict,

実に単純なことです

and I had an extra month,

簡単ではありませんが単純なことです

so I spent some time living with several groups of San Bushmen.

新しくもありません

I was curious about them, about the way in which they resolve conflict.

最も古くから伝わる人類の遺産の一つです

Because, after all, within living memory, they were hunters and gatherers,

平和を導く秘策は私たちなのです

living pretty much like our ancestors lived

あらゆる紛争を取り巻く --

for maybe 99 percent of the human story.

周辺社会にいるのが

And all the men have these poison arrows that they use for hunting --

私たちであり

absolutely fatal.

私たちが建設的な役割を果たせるのです

So how do they deal with their differences?

一つだけ例を挙げてみましょう

Well, what I learned is, whenever tempers rise in those communities,

20年ほど前 南アフリカで

someone goes and hides the poison arrows out in the bush,

紛争当事者と話合いをしていたとき

and then everyone sits around in a circle like this,

特別な月を過ごしました

and they sit and they talk and they talk.

サン人のいくつかのグループと

It may take two days, three days, four days,

生活を共にしたのです

but they don't rest until they find a resolution

サン人や サン人の紛争解決方法に興味がありました

or better yet -- a reconciliation.

というのも 知られている限りでは

And if tempers are still too high,

狩猟者であり採集者であるサン人は

then they send someone off to visit some relatives,

人類史の99パーセントを占める古代人と

as a cooling-off period.

とても似通った生活をしているからです

Well, that system is, I think, probably the system

男たちはみな 狩りに使う毒矢を持っています

that kept us alive to this point,

死に至らしめるものです

given our human tendencies.

いったい どうやって不和を解決するのでしょう？

That system, I call "the third side."

実は

Because if you think about it, normally when we think of conflict,

サン人の社会では 緊張が高まると

when we describe it,

誰かが毒矢を茂みに隠し

there's always two sides --

皆が 円を描いて座ります

it's Arabs versus Israelis, labor versus management,

座って 話合いを重ねます

husband versus wife, Republicans versus Democrats.

２日 ３日あるいは ４日かかるかもしれませんが

But what we don't often see

解決策が見つかるまで

is that there's always a third side,

できれば和解にいたるまでは

and the third side of the conflict is us, it's the surrounding community,

休みません

it's the friends, the allies,

張り詰めたままなら

the family members, the neighbors.

誰かを親せきのところに送り出して

And we can play an incredibly constructive role.

頭を冷やさせます

Perhaps the most fundamental way in which the third side can help

人間の気性というものがありながら

is to remind the parties of what's really at stake.

我々が今日まで生きながらえているのは

For the sake of the kids, for the sake of the family,

このシステムのおかげではないでしょうか

for the sake of the community, for the sake of the future,

このシステムを第３の立場と呼びましょう

let's stop fighting for a moment and start talking.

たいてい

Because, the thing is,

紛争といえば

when we're involved in conflict,

２者の立場を考えます

it's very easy to lose perspective.

アラブ諸国とイスラエル　労働者と経営者

It's very easy to react.

夫と妻　共和党と民主党　などです

Human beings -- we're reaction machines.

そして いつも見落とすのが

And as the saying goes,

第３の立場です

when angry, you will make the best speech

紛争では第３の立場にいるのは私たちであり

you will ever regret.

周辺社会であり

(Laughter)

友人であり 同盟国であり

And so the third side reminds us of that.

家族であり 隣人なのです

The third side helps us go to the balcony,

私たちは信じられないほど建設的な役割を果たせるのです

which is a metaphor for a place of perspective,

第３の立場が力になれる --

where we can keep our eyes on the prize.

最も基本的な方法とは

Let me tell you a little story from my own negotiating experience.

真に危機にひんするものを当事者に自覚させることです

Some years ago, I was involved as a facilitator in some very tough talks

子どもたちのため 家族のため

between the leaders of Russia and the leaders of Chechnya.

社会のため 未来のため

There was a war going on, as you know.

しばらく紛争をやめて 話合いを始めましょう

And we met in the Hague, in the Peace Palace,

やはり

in the same room where the Yugoslav war-crimes tribunal was taking place.

紛争に巻き込まれると

And the talks got off to a rather rocky start

広い視野を失ってしまうからです

when the vice president of Chechnya began by pointing at the Russians

すぐ反撃してしまいます

and said, "You should stay right here in your seats,

人間は すぐ反撃する機械です

because you're going to be on trial for war crimes."

よく言われるように

And then he turned to me and said,

怒ると人は最も雄弁になり

"You're an American.

いつまでも後悔するのです

Look at what you Americans are doing in Puerto Rico."

第３の立場がそれに気づかせてくれます

And my mind started racing, "Puerto Rico? What do I know about Puerto Rico?"

第３の立場がバルコニーに導いてくれます

I started reacting.

バルコニーとは広い視野の例えで

(Laughter)

目標を見失わずにいられる場所のことです

But then, I tried to remember to go to the balcony.

私の交渉経験を少し紹介しましょう

And then when he paused

何年か前 まとめ役として

and everyone looked at me for a response,

とても困難な交渉に参加していました

from a balcony perspective, I was able to thank him for his remarks

ロシアの代表者と

and say, "I appreciate your criticism of my country

チェチェンの代表者との交渉でした

and I take it as a sign that we're among friends

ご存じのような戦争状態にあるなかで

and can speak candidly to one another."

私たちが会ったのは

(Laughter)

オランダのハーグにある平和宮でした

"And what we're here to do is not to talk about Puerto Rico or the past.

ユーゴスラビア紛争の戦犯裁判が開かれていたのと

We're here to see if we can figure out a way

同じ部屋でした

to stop the suffering and the bloodshed in Chechnya."

会談は前途多難なスタートを切りました

The conversation got back on track.

チェチェンの副大統領が

That's the role of the third side,

ロシアの代表者を指さして こう話し始めたのです

to help the parties go to the balcony.

「戦争犯罪に問われるのだから

Now let me take you, for a moment,

そのまま座っていなさい」

to what's widely regarded as the world's most difficult conflict,

話し続けてから 私に向かってこう言いました

or the most impossible conflict, the Middle East.

「アメリカ人だったね

Question is: where's the third side there?

プエルトリコでやっていることをよく考えなさい」

How could we possibly go to the balcony?

急いで思い返しました「プエルトリコ？何だっけ」

Now, I don't pretend to have an answer to the Middle East conflict,

反撃する気持ちがわき始めましたが

but I think I've got a first step -- literally, a first step --

「バルコニー」に立つことを意識してみました

something that any one of us could do as third-siders.

チェチェンの副大統領は話をやめ

Let me just ask you one question first.

全員が私の反応を伺っていました

How many of you in the last years

「バルコニー」に立つと 彼の指摘に感謝できました

have ever found yourself worrying about the Middle East

「我が国の批評をしてくれてありがとう

and wondering what anyone could do?

これは我々が友好的だという印ですから

Just out of curiosity, how many of you?

お互い 率直に話し合えますね　でも --

OK, so the great majority of us.

プエルトリコや過去の話をしに来たのではありません

And here, it's so far away.

チェチェンで起きている苦難や流血を止める策を

Why do we pay so much attention to this conflict?

見いだせるか確認しに集まったのです」

Is it the number of deaths?

会談は本筋に戻りました

There are a hundred times more people who die in a conflict in Africa

これが第３の立場の役割です

than in the Middle East.

つまり当事者を「バルコニー」に立たせるのです

No, it's because of the story,

世界で最も困難で手に負えないと考えられている --

because we feel personally involved in that story.

紛争について

Whether we're Christians, Muslims or Jews, religious or non-religious,

少し考えてみましょう

we feel we have a personal stake in it.

それは中東です

Stories matter;

第３の立場は どこなのでしょう？

as an anthropologist, I know that.

どうすれば「バルコニー」に立てるのでしょう？

Stories are what we use to transmit knowledge.

中東紛争の解決策があるような --

They give meaning to our lives.

ふりをするつもりはありませんが

That's what we tell here at TED, we tell stories.

最初の一歩を踏み出したと思うのです

Stories are the key.

文字通り最初の一歩です

And so my question is --

第３の立場として私たち誰もができることです

yes, let's try and resolve the politics there in the Middle East,

まず質問ですが

but let's also take a look at the story.

この中で

Let's try to get at the root of what it's all about.

昨年

Let's see if we can apply the third side to it.

中東について心配し 何かできることがあるか --

What would that mean? What is the story there?

考えた人は何人ぐらいいますか？

Now, as anthropologists, we know that every culture has an origin story.

ちょっと聞きたいだけです　何人でしょう？

What's the origin story of the Middle East?

大多数の方が考えたようですね

In a phrase, it's:

とても遠く離れているのに

Four thousand years ago,

なぜ それほど この紛争に注目するのでしょうか？

a man and his family walked across the Middle East,

死者の数でしょうか？

and the world has never been the same since.

アフリカでは紛争で亡くなる人は

That man, of course, was Abraham.

中東の100倍です

And what he stood for was unity, the unity of the family;

死者の数ではなく 物語なのです

he's the father of us all.

この物語に 直接 --

But it's not just what he stood for, it's what his message was.

関係している気持ちになるからです

His basic message was unity too,

キリスト教徒も イスラム教徒も ユダヤ教徒も

the interconnectedness of it all, the unity of it all.

宗教心のある人も ない人も

And his basic value was respect,

個人的に関係性を感じるのです

was kindness toward strangers.

物語は重要です　人類学者としてそう思います

That's what he's known for, his hospitality.

物語は知識を伝えるために使います

So in that sense,

物語は生活に意味を持たせます

he's the symbolic third side of the Middle East.

TEDでは物語が語られています

He's the one who reminds us that we're all part of a greater whole.

物語が鍵を握っています

Now, think about that for a moment.

私の提案は こうです

Today, we face the scourge of terrorism.

中東での政治問題を

What is terrorism?

解決しようじゃありませんか

Terrorism is basically taking an innocent stranger

でも 物語にも注目しましょう

and treating them as an enemy whom you kill in order to create fear.

すべての根源を見てみましょう

What's the opposite of terrorism?

第３の立場を使えるか検討してみましょう

It's taking an innocent stranger

それにどんな意味があるの？　どんな物語があるの？

and treating them as a friend whom you welcome into your home,

人類学者として分かるのですが

in order to sow and create understanding

どんな文化にも起源を伝える物語があります

or respect, or love.

中東の起源を伝える物語は何なのでしょう？

So what if, then, you took the story of Abraham,

こんな話があります

which is a third-side story,

４千年前 一人の男が家族と一緒に

what if that could be --

中東を歩いていました

because Abraham stands for hospitality --

今の世界は その時代と同じではありません

what if that could be an antidote to terrorism?

その男は ご存じのとおり

What if that could be a vaccine against religious intolerance?

アブラハムです

How would you bring that story to life?

アブラハムが象徴しているのは結びつきです

Now, it's not enough just to tell a story.

家族の結びつきです

That's powerful, but people need to experience the story.

アブラハムは私たち全員の祖先ですが

They need to be able to live the story.

アブラハムが伝えることは それだけではありません

How would you do that?

根本的な教えには結びつきも含まれているのです

And that was my thinking of how would you do that.

何人とも相互に関連し 結びついていると伝えています

And that's what comes to the first step here.

アブラハムの根源的な価値観は 見知らぬ人への --

Because the simple way to do that is:

尊敬や思いやりにあります

you go for a walk.

もてなしの心こそ アブラハムが語られる理由なのです

You go for a walk in the footsteps of Abraham.

そういった意味では

You retrace the footsteps of Abraham.

アブラハムは 中東において

Because walking has a real power.

第３の立場を表す象徴なのです

You know, as an anthropologist, walking is what made us human.

私たちは より大きな全体の中の 一員なのだと

It's funny -- when you walk, you walk side-by-side,

アブラハムが気付かせてくれます