not from childhood, by the way,

私は大の虫好きです

but rather late.

子供の頃からではなく

When I bachelored,

後になってなりました

majoring in zoology at Tel Aviv University,

テルアビブ大学で動物学を

I kind of fell in love with bugs.

専攻していた頃に

And then, within zoology,

虫が大好きになりました

I took the course or the discipline of entomology,

動物学の中で

the science of insects.

昆虫学コース 昆虫科学を

And then I thought to myself, how can I be practical

受講しました

or help in the science of entomology?

そして どうすればもっと実践的に

And then I moved to the world of plant protection --

昆虫科学分野で活躍できるかを考えました

plant protection from insects,

そして 植物保護の世界

from bad bugs.

植物を昆虫 害虫から

And then within plant protection,

守ることに興味を持つようになりました

I came into the discipline of biological pest control,

植物保護において

which we actually define

私は生物学によるペストコントロールの

as the use of living organisms

学問に出会いました

to reduce populations of noxious plant pests.

生物を

So it's a whole discipline in plant protection

使い

aimed at the reduction of chemicals.

植物の害虫を

And biological pest control, by the way,

減らすことです

or these "good bugs" that we are talking about,

植物保護の分野において 農薬の使用を

they've existed in the world for thousands and thousands of years,

減らすことが目的です

for a long, long time.

ところで 生物的ペストコントロールは

But only in the last 120 years,

ここで言う良い虫たちは

people started, or people knew more and more

何千年もの長い 長い間

how to exploit, or how to use, this biological control phenomenon,

地球上で生きてきました

or in fact, natural control phenomenon,

しかし人々は

for their own needs.

この120年間でやっと

Because biological control phenomenon -- you can see it in your backyard.

生物的なコントロール

Just take a magnifying glass. You see what I have here?

自然なコントロール現象についての

That's a magnifier, times 10.

使用方法を研究し 発展させるように

You just open it, twist leaves,

なりました

and you see a whole new world of minute insects,

生物的ペストコントロールは

or little spiders of one millimeter, one-and-a-half, two millimeters long,

どの家の裏庭でも見れるからです

and you can distinguish between the good ones and the bad ones.

必要なのはこのような虫眼鏡だけです

So this phenomenon of natural control exists literally everywhere.

10倍に拡大できます

Here, in front of this building, I'm sure.

10倍です

Just have a look at the plants.

開けて下さい

So it's everywhere, and we need to know how to exploit it.

葉っぱを裏返せば 微小な虫たちの

Well, let's go hand by hand

または1ミリ

and browse through just a few examples.

1.5ミリ 2ミリ未満の小さなクモたちの

What is a pest?

知られざる世界が見えるでしょう

What damage does it actually inflict on the plant?

良い虫と悪い虫の区別が出来るようになります

And what is the natural enemy,

この自然なペストコントロールの現象は

the biological control agent, or the "good bug"

どこでも存在するのです

that we're talking about?

このビルの前にもです

In general, I'm going to talk about insects and spiders,

植物をよく見てください

or mites, let us call them.

どこにでもあります

Insects, those six-legged organisms

どう利用するかを知ることが必要です

and spiders or mites, the eight-legged organisms.

まずは共に例を見ながら

Let's have a look at that.

考えていきましょう

Here is a devastating pest, a spider mite,

害虫とは何か？

because it does a lot of webbing, like a spider.

どんなダメージを植物に与えるのか？

You see the mother in between,

天敵はなんなのか？

and two daughters, probably, on the left and right,

生物的コントロールの代理人なのか

and a single egg on the right-hand side.

それとも良い虫のことなのか

And then you see what kind of damage it can inflict.

ここで虫やクモ

On your right-hand side, you can see a cucumber leaf,

ダニについて

in the middle, a cotton leaf,

話をしたいと思います

and on the left, a tomato leaf with these little stipplings.

6本足の生物は昆虫で

They can literally turn from green to white,

8本足の生物は

because of the sucking, piercing mouth parts of those spiders.

クモやダニです

But here comes nature, that provides us with a good spider.

それらを見て行きましょう

This is a predatory mite -- just as small as a spider mite;

これはハダニというやっかいな害虫で

one, two millimeters long, not more than that --

クモのように巣をかけます

running quickly, hunting, chasing the spider mites.

母虫の両側に

And here, you can see this lady in action on your left-hand side --

子供の虫がいて

just pierces, sucks the body fluids on the left-hand side of the pest mite.

右側に卵が一つ見えます

And after five minutes, this is what you see:

どのようなダメージを引き起こすかが見れます

just a typical dead corpse --

右側はきゅうりの葉っぱ

the shriveled, sucked-out, dead corpse of the spider mite,

真ん中は綿の葉っぱ

and next to it, two satiated individuals, predatory mites,

左側はトマトの葉っぱです　小さな斑点がついています

a mother on the left-hand side, a young nymph on the right-hand side.

ハダニは口で

By the way, a meal for them for 24 hours,

葉を突きさし 汁を吸うため

is about five of the spider mites, of the bad mites,

葉っぱは緑から白に

and-or 15 to 20 eggs of the pest mites.

変色します

By the way, they are always hungry.

しかし 自然の中には

(Laughter)

我々にとって有益なダニもいます

And here is another example: aphids.

摂食ダニです　ハダニと同じように1ミリか2ミリの大きさで

It's springtime now in Israel.

すばやく動き

When temperatures rise sharply,

ハダニを追いかけ

you can see those bad ones, those aphids, all over the plants --

捕まえます

in your hibiscus, in your lantana,

これが狩りの様子です

in the young, fresh foliage of the so-called spring flush.

左側にいる

By the way, with aphids you have only females, like Amazons.

害虫ダニを針で貫き

Females giving rise to females, giving rise to other females.

体液を吸います

No males at all.

5分後

Parthenogenesis, as it's so called.

ただの亡骸となります

And they're very happy with that, apparently.

干からびた

(Laughter)

ハダニの死体の

Here we can see the damage.

隣に 二匹の満足した

Those aphids secrete a sticky, sugary liquid called honeydew,

摂食ダニがいます

and this just clogs the upper parts of the plant.

左にいるのは母ダニ

Here you see a typical cucumber leaf that turned from green to black

右に幼虫がいます

because of a black fungus, sooty mold, which is covering it.

24時間で

And here comes the salvation, through this parasitic wasp.

約5匹のハダニや

Here we are not talking about a predator.

害虫、もしくは15～20個の

Here we are talking a parasite --

害虫の卵を

not a two-legged parasite,

食べることができます

but an eight-legged parasite, of course.

いつもお腹が空いています

This is a parasitic wasp,

（笑）

again, two millimeters long, slender, a very quick and sharp flier.

もう一つの例はアブラムシです

And here you can see this parasite in action,

ところで イスラエルは今春で

like in an acrobatic maneuver.

気温がぐーんと上がります

She stands vis-à-vis

この害虫が植物にびっしりついているのが見えます

in front of the victim at the right-hand side,

ハイビスカスやランタナの

bending its abdomen and inserting a single egg

若々しく 新鮮な

into the body fluids of the aphid.

春の若葉についています

By the way, the aphid tries to escape.

アマゾネスのようにアブラムシには

She kicks and bites and secretes different liquids,

メスしかいません

but nothing will happen, in fact --

メスがメスを生み さらにメスを生みます

only the egg of the parasitoid will be inserted

オスはいません

into the body fluids of the aphid.

単性生殖という物です

And after a few days, depending upon temperature,

かれらはそれですごく幸せです

the egg will hatch

ダメージはこれです

and the larva of this parasite will eat the aphid from the inside.

アブラムシは

(Laughter)

甘露と呼ばれる

This is all natural. This is all natural.

粘着性のある甘い汁を出し

This is not fiction, nothing at all.

植物の上部に

Again -- in your backyard. In your backyard.

つきます

(Laughter)

どこにでもあるきゅうりの葉が

(Applause)

すす病の黒い菌類に

But this is the end result: mummies.

覆われて

This is the visual result of a dead aphid encompassing inside,

緑から黒に変色しています

a developing parasitoid that, after a few minutes, you see halfway out.

寄生スズメバチが

The birth is almost complete.

救いの手を出します

You can see, by the way, in different movies, etc.,

捕食者ではありません

it takes just a few minutes.

寄生虫です

And if this is a female, she'll immediately mate with a male

2本足ではなく

and off she goes, because time is very short.

もちろん８本足の寄生虫です

This female can live only three to four days,

寄生スズメバチは

and she needs to give rise to around 400 eggs.

2ミリほどの大きさで

That means she has 400 bad aphids

すばしっこく

to put her eggs into their body fluids.

鋭く飛びます

This is, of course, not the end of it.

この寄生虫の活躍が見られます

There is a whole wealth of other natural enemies

まるで曲技飛行です

and this is just the last example.

彼女は右側の目標と

Again, we'll start first with the pest:

向かい合い 腹部を

the thrips.

曲げて卵を一つ

By the way, all these weird names --

アブラムシの

I didn't bother you with the Latin names of these creatures,

体内に

just the popular names.

産み込みます

But this is a nice, slender, very bad pest.

アブラムシは逃げようとします

If you can see this: sweet peppers.

蹴ったり 噛んだり

This is not just an exotic, ornamental sweet pepper.

汁を放出したりしますが

This is a sweet pepper which is not consumable

効き目はありません

because it is suffering from a viral disease

アブラムシの体内に

transmitted by those thrip adults.

寄生虫の卵が産みこまれます

And here comes the natural enemy, minute pirate bug --

気温によりますが 数日後に

"minute," because it is rather small.

卵は孵り

Here you can see the adult, black, and two young ones.

幼虫はアブラムシを

And again, in action.

内側から食べてしまいます

This adult pierces the thrips,

すべて現実です　自然なのです

sucking it within just several minutes,

決して作り話ではありません

going to the other prey, continuing all over the place.

みなさんの

And if we spread those minute pirate bugs, the good ones,

裏庭で起きています

for example, in a sweet pepper plot,

これが最終結果です

they go to the flowers.

これは

And look -- this flower is flooded with predatory bugs, with the good ones,

ミイラ

after wiping out the bad ones, the thrips.

ミ・イ・ラです

So this is a very positive situation.

アブラムシの死体の映像です

No harm to the developing fruit. No harm to the fruit set.

内側までです

Everything is just fine under these circumstances.

数分後に成長中の寄生蜂の

But again, the question is,

体半分が出てきます

here you saw them on a one-to-one basis -- the pest, the natural enemy.

誕生がほぼ完了です

What we do is actually this.

映画で見る事ができます

In Northeast Israel, in Kibbutz Sde Eliyahu,

数分しかかかりません

there is a facility that mass-produces those natural enemies.

メスならすぐにオスと交尾するでしょう

In other words, what we do there is amplify the natural control,

時間に限りがあるため、すぐ行動に出ます

or the biological control phenomenon.

生存期間は3～4日間だけ

And in 30,000 square meters of state-of-the-art greenhouses,

その間に400個の

there, we are mass-producing those predatory mites,

卵を産む必要があります

those minute pirate bugs,

つまり400匹の

those parasitic wasps, etc.

アブラムシの体内に

Many different parts.

卵を産むということです

By the way, they have a very nice landscape --

もちろんこれで終りではありません

you see the Jordanian Mountains on the one hand,

天敵はまた豊富にいますが

and the Jordan Valley on the other hand,

これが最後の例です

and a good, mild winter and a nice, hot summer,

害虫から始めます

which is an excellent condition to mass-produce those creatures.

アザミウマです

And by the way, mass-production -- it is not genetic manipulation.

ところで 彼らのラテン語名を

There are no GMOs -- genetically modified organisms -- whatsoever.

使わず 奇妙は名前だが

We take them from nature,

皆がよく知っている名前にしました

and the only thing that we do is give them the optimal conditions,

これはほっそりした 非常に

under the greenhouses or in the climate rooms,

悪質な害虫です

in order to proliferate, multiply and reproduce.

ピーマンです

And that's what we get.

ただのエキゾチックで装飾用のピーマンではありません

You see under a microscope.

しかしアザミウマの成虫によって

You see in the upper left corner? You see a single predatory mite.

移された致命的な疫病のため

And this is the whole bunch of predatory mites.

食べる事はできません

You see this ampul. You see this one.

天敵は

I have one gram of those predatory mites.

ハナカメムシです

One gram is 80,000 individuals.

非常に小さいです

80,000 individuals are good enough to control one acre,

黒い大人と2匹の若いのがいます

4,000 square meters,

活動中の様子です

of a strawberry plot

成虫がアザミウマをたった数分で

against spider mites for the whole season

刺し、吸いそして

of almost one year.

次の獲物へ移り

And we can produce from this, believe you me,

同じことを繰り返します

several dozens of kilograms on an annual basis.

もし益虫のハナカメムシを

So this is what I call amplification of the phenomenon.

例えば ピーマン畑に撒けば

And no, we do not disrupt the balance.

花に住み着き

On the contrary,

このように花は

because we bring it to every cultural plot

害虫のアザミウマを一掃され

where the balance was already disrupted

捕食性の益虫で溢れています

by the chemicals.

非常に良い状況です

Here we come with those natural enemies

発育中の果実と実止まりには被害がありません。

in order to reverse a little bit of the wheel

この状況下ではなんの問題もありません

and to bring more natural balance to the agricultural plot

しかし問題は

by reducing those chemicals.

ここでは害虫と天敵の

That's the whole idea.

一対一の様子を見てきました

And what is the impact?

実際にはこういう事を行います

In this table, you can actually see what is an impact

イスラエル北東部の

of a successful biological control by good bugs.

スデウリヤフ・キブツには

For example, in Israel, where we employ more than 1,000 hectares --

工場があり

10,000 dunams in Israeli terms --

この天敵達を大量生産しています

of biological pests controlling sweet pepper

つまり

under protection,

自然なコントロール もしくは

75 percent of the pesticides were actually reduced.

生物的なコントロール現象を

And Israeli strawberries, even more --

拡張しているのです

80 percent of the pesticides,

3万㎡の最新式な

especially those aimed against pest mites in strawberries.

温室で捕食ダニや

So the impact is very strong.

ハナカメムシ

And there goes the question,

寄生スズメバチ等を

especially if you ask growers, agriculturists:

それぞれ違う区画で

Why biological control?

大量生産しています

Why good bugs?

見晴らしもすばらしいものです

By the way, the number of answers you get

一方にヨルダンの山々

equals the number of people you ask.

もう一方にはヨルダン渓谷があります

But if we go, for example, to this place, Southeast Israel,

冬はそう寒くなく

the Arava area above the Great Rift Valley,

夏は心地よい暑さで

where the pearl of Israeli agriculture is located,

彼らを大量生産するのに

especially under greenhouse conditions, or under screenhouse conditions --

大変適しています

if you drive all the way to Eilat, you see this

この大量生産は

just in the middle of the desert.

決して遺伝子操作をしていません

And if you zoom in,