and showing you some of the designs that we have in nature.

皆さんの世界に対する認識を少しばかり変えて

And so, I have my first slide to talk about

自然界にあるデザインをお見せしたいと思います

the dawning of the universe and what I call

スライドを使って宇宙の夜明けについてお話しします

the cosmic scene investigation, that is, looking at

私は宇宙調査と呼んでいますが

the relics of creation and inferring what happened at the beginning,

創造の名残りを観測することによって

and then following it up and trying to understand it.

始めに何が起きたのかを推測し

And so one of the questions that I asked you is,

それを続けることで理解につなげるのです

when you look around, what do you see?

辺りを見回して下さい

Well, you see this space that's created by designers

何が見えますか？

and by the work of people, but what you actually see

この場は デザイナーや人々が働いて作り上げた空間です

is a lot of material that was already here,

でも実際に見ているのは

being reshaped in a certain form.

既に存在していた物質が

And so the question is: how did that material get here?

ある状態に加工されたものです

How did it get into the form that it had before it got reshaped, and so forth?

ではその物質はどこから来たのでしょうか

It's a question of what's the continuity?

どうやって加工前の状態になったのでしょう？

So one of the things I look at is,

これは 連続性とは何かという問題です

how did the universe begin and shape?

私に言わせれば 宇宙がどのように

What was the whole process in the creation and the evolution of the universe

始まり形作られたかという問題につながっています

to getting to the point that we have these kinds of materials?

宇宙創世とその後の進化において

So that's sort of the part, and let me move on then and show you

いかにしてこれらの物質は生まれたのでしょうか？

the Hubble Ultra Deep Field.

ではここでハッブル超深宇宙探査の写真を

If you look at this picture,

お見せしましょう

what you will see is a lot of dark with some light objects in it.

この写真は

And everything but -- four of these light objects are stars,

暗い中に光る物体がいくらか見えます

and you can see them there -- little pluses.

光る物体のうち４個は恒星です

This is a star, this is a star, everything else is a galaxy, OK?

ここです 小さなプラスの形をしています

So there's a couple of thousand galaxies

これとこれが恒星で 他は全て銀河です

you can see easily with your eye in here.

眼をここにやれば

And when I look out at particularly this galaxy,

数千の銀河を簡単に見ることができます

which looks a lot like ours, I wonder if there's

特に 私たちの銀河とよく似ている

an art design college conference going on,

この銀河を見ると不思議な気持ちになります

and intelligent beings there are thinking about, you know,

そこで芸術大学のデザイン会議が開催されているのではないか

what designs they might do, and there might be a few cosmologists

そして知的生命体がデザインについて考え

trying to understand where the universe itself came from,

そこには何人かの宇宙学者がいて

and there might even be some in that galaxy looking at ours

宇宙がどこからやってきたのかを考え

trying to figure out what's going on over here.

中には私たちの銀河系を見て ここで起きている事を

But there's a lot of other galaxies, and some are nearby,

知りたがっている者もいるのではないか と

and they're kind of the color of the Sun,

でも銀河は他にもたくさんあり 近くのものは

and some are further away and they're a little bluer, and so forth.

太陽のような色をしていて

But one of the questions is -- this should be, to you --

遠くにあるものは青みがかった色になります

how come there are so many galaxies?

でも知りたいのは

Because this represents a very clean fraction of the sky.

なぜこれほど多くの銀河があるのかということではないでしょうか

This is only 1,000 galaxies.

これは宇宙のごく一部をきれいに表したものです

We think there's on the order -- visible to the Hubble Space Telescope,

たった千個の銀河しかありません

if you had the time to scan it around --

ハッブル宇宙望遠鏡で観測できる銀河は

about 100 billion galaxies. Right?

精査する時間があれば

It's a very large number of galaxies.

およそ千億個ほどだろうと考えられています

And that's roughly how many stars there are in our own galaxy.

非常に多い数です

But when you look at some of these regions like this, you'll see

私たちの銀河にある恒星の数もそれと大体同じぐらいです

more galaxies than stars, which is kind of a conundrum.

でもこのような写真を見ると

So the question should come to your mind is, what kind of design, you know,

恒星よりも銀河の方が沢山あります どうしてかはわかりません

what kind of creative process and what kind of design

だから 疑問に思うべきなのは

produced the world like that?

どんなデザインや創造的なプロセスが

And then I'm going to show you it's actually a lot more complicated.

世界をこのように作り上げたのかということです

We're going to try and follow it up.

それは非常に複雑なことだということをお示ししていきます

We have a tool that actually helps us out in this study,

試行錯誤しながら進んで行きます

and that's the fact that the universe is so incredibly big

これを調べる上で役に立つのは

that it's a time machine, in a certain sense.

宇宙があまりに大きいので ある意味

We draw this set of nested spheres cut away so you see it.

タイムマシンになっているという事実です

Put the Earth at the center of the nested spheres,

ここに多層の球体の断面図を描いています

just because that's where we're making observations.

地球から観測を行うので

And the moon is only two seconds away, so if you take a picture of the moon

地球を球体の中心に置いています

using ordinary light, it's the moon two seconds ago, and who cares.

月は光速で２秒の距離にあるので

Two seconds is like the present.

月の写真を撮ると２秒前の月が写ります

The Sun is eight minutes ago. That's not such a big deal, right,

２秒というのは現在のようなものです

unless there's solar flares coming then you want to get out the way.

太陽だと８分前です 襲来するフレアから逃げるとき以外は

You'd like to have a little advance warning.

大きな問題ではありません

But you get out to Jupiter and it's 40 minutes away. It's a problem.

襲ってくる場合は多少前もって警告を受け取りたいですね

You hear about Mars, it's a problem communicating to Mars

でも木星になると光速で40分かかります これは問題です

because it takes light long enough to go there.

火星とコミュニケーションを取るのも大変です

But if you look out to the nearest set of stars,

光が行き来する時間がかかりますから

to the nearest 40 or 50 stars, it's about 10 years.

一番近い40〜50ほどの恒星までは

So if you take a picture of what's going on, it's 10 years ago.

10年ほどかかります

But you go and look to the center of the galaxy,

写真を撮って見えるのは10年前の姿です

it's thousands of years ago.

銀河の中心となると

If you look at Andromeda, which is the nearest big galaxy,

何千年前の姿になります

and it's two million years ago.

一番近い銀河であるアンドロメダは

If you took a picture of the Earth two million years ago,

200万年前の姿です

there'd be no evidence of humans at all,

地球で200万年前といえば

because we don't think there were humans yet.

人間の痕跡は皆無でしょう

I mean, it just gives you the scale.

まだ人間が現れる前だったでしょうから

With the Hubble Space Telescope, we're looking at

これでスケールがおわかりいただけたでしょう

hundreds of millions of years to a billion years.

ハッブル宇宙望遠鏡を使って

But if we were capable to come up with an idea of how to look even further --

私たちは数億から10億年という時間を見ています

there's some things even further,

より遠くを見る方法を思いつけば

and that was what I did in a lot of my work,

－ 私はそれを大いに

was to develop the techniques -- we could look out back to even earlier

研究してきました －

epochs before there were stars and before there were galaxies,

恒星や銀河が生まれるよりも前の時代を

back to when the universe was hot and dense and very different.

見ることができます

And so that's the sort of sequence,

今と違って熱くて高密度の宇宙の時代です

and so I have a more artistic impression of this.

そんな順番に並んでいるのです

There's the galaxy in the middle, which is the Milky Way,

これを別のイメージ図で示します

and around that are the Hubble -- you know, nearby kind of galaxies,

真ん中に銀河系があります　天の川銀河です

and there's a sphere that marks the different times.

周りをハッブルで見たような銀河が囲んでいます

And behind that are some more modern galaxies.

球体は異なる時間スケールを表しています

You see the whole big picture?

その後ろにあるのはより新しい銀河です

The beginning of time is funny -- it's on the outside, right?

全体像がわかりましたか？

And then there's a part of the universe we can't see

時の始まりというのは奇妙なことに 外側になるのです

because it's so dense and so hot, light can't escape.

それに宇宙には我々には見えない部分があります

It's like you can't see to the center of the Sun;

あまりに高密度で熱すぎるので光が出られないのです

you have to use other techniques to know what's going on inside the Sun.

太陽の中心を見ることができないのと同じです

But you can see the edge of the Sun,

太陽の内部で起きている事を知るには別の方法が必要です

and the universe gets that way, and you can see that.

でも太陽の外縁は見ることができます

And then you see this sort of model area around the outside,

宇宙もそのようにして見ることができるのです

and that is the radiation coming from the Big Bang,

外部ぎりぎりのところがモデル領域です

which is actually incredibly uniform.

ビッグバンから生まれた放射です

The universe is almost a perfect sphere,

信じられないほど一様なのです

but there are these very tiny variations

宇宙はほぼ完全に球体です

which we show here in great exaggeration.

ただごくわずかの変動があり

And from them in the time sequence we're going to have to go

この絵では極端に拡大して描いています

from these tiny variations to these irregular galaxies and first stars

時の経過に伴いこれらの小さな相違が

to these more advanced galaxies, and eventually the solar system, and so forth.

不規則な銀河や最初の恒星になり

So it's a big design job,

より発展した銀河を経て最終的には太陽系が生まれるのです

but we'll see about how things are going on.

壮大なデザインです

So the way these measurements were done,

どのようにして行われてきたのかを見ていきましょう

there's been a set of satellites, and this is where you get to see.

これらの計測は

So there was the COBE satellite, which was launched in 1989,

いくつかの人工衛星で行われました

and we discovered these variations.

1989年に打ち上げられたCOBE衛星を使って

And then in 2000, the MAP satellite was launched -- the WMAP --

この相違を発見したのです

and it made somewhat better pictures.

2000年にはWMAP衛星が打ち上げられ

And later this year -- this is the cool stealth version,

より鮮明な写真が撮れるようになりました

the one that actually has some beautiful design features to it,

今年後半には - これは格好良くて静かな衛星です

and you should look -- the Planck satellite will be launched,

美しいデザインを持っています -

and it will make very high-resolution maps.

Planck衛星が打ち上げられ

And that will be the sequence of understanding

非常に高精細な地図を作るでしょう

the very beginning of the universe.

このようにして宇宙の始まりに向かって

And what we saw was, we saw these variations, and then they told us

理解を進めて行くのです

the secrets, both about the structure of space-time,

宇宙にある相違から

and about the contents of the universe,

時空の構造と宇宙の構成要素

and about how the universe started in its original motions.

そして宇宙の始まりに関する

So we have this picture, which is quite a spectacular picture,

秘密を知ることができます

and I'll come back to the beginning, where we're going to have

この壮麗な絵を用意しました

some mysterious process that kicks the universe off at the beginning.

宇宙の始まりに戻りましょう

And we go through a period of accelerating expansion, and the universe

何らかのきっかけで宇宙が生まれ

expands and cools until it gets to the point where it becomes transparent,

膨張期を経て宇宙が冷え

then to the Dark Ages, and then the first stars turn on,

透明になります

and they evolve into galaxies, and then later they get to the more expansive galaxies.

そして暗黒時代の後 最初の恒星が光を放ちます

And somewhere around this period is when our solar system started forming.

そこから銀河、やがて銀河団が形成されます

And it's maturing up to the present time.

この間どこかで太陽系が形成され

And there's some spectacular things.

今の形に成長してきました

And this wastebasket part, that's to represent

驚異的なこともありました

what the structure of space-time itself is doing during this period.

このゴミ箱の底みたいな部分は

And so this is a pretty weird model, right?

膨張期の時空の構造自体の変化を示しています

What kind of evidence do we have for that?

本当に奇妙なモデルですね

So let me show you some of nature's patterns

どんな証拠があるというのでしょう？

that are the result of this.

この結果生まれた自然界のパターンを

I always think of space-time as being the real substance of space,

いくつかお見せしましょう

and the galaxies and the stars just like the foam on the ocean.

私は 時空こそが宇宙の本質であり

It's a marker of where the interesting waves are and whatever went on.

銀河や星は海の泡のようなものだと考えています

So here is the Sloan Digital Sky Survey showing the location of a million galaxies.

面白い波がどこにあり 何が起きたかを示すものなのです

So there's a dot on here for every galaxy.

これはスローン デジタル スカイ サーベイによる100万個の銀河で

They go out and point a telescope at the sky, take a picture,

一つひとつの点が銀河の位置を示しています

identify what are stars and throw them away, look at the galaxies,

調査では望遠鏡を空に向けて写真を撮り

estimate how far away they are, and plot them up.

銀河に注目するので恒星は除外して

And just put radially they're going out that way.

距離を推定して作図すると

And you see these structures, this thing we call the Great Wall,

放射状にこのようなものができます

but there are voids and those kinds of stuff, and they kind of fade out

宇宙の大規模構造である グレートウォールが見えます

because the telescope isn't sensitive enough to do it.

一方で空洞の部分や暗くなっている部分もあります

Now I'm going to show you this in 3D.

望遠鏡の性能によるものです

What happens is, you take pictures

３Ｄで見てみましょう

as the Earth rotates, you get a fan across the sky.

どうするのかというと

There are some places you can't look because of our own galaxy,

地球の自転に合わせて扇形に宇宙を撮影します

or because there are no telescopes available to do it.

我々の銀河に邪魔されて見えない場所や

So the next picture shows you the three-dimensional version of this rotating around.

望遠鏡の制約により見えない場所もあります

Do you see the fan-like scans made across the sky?

次の映像では 3D 版をくるくる回して見せます

Remember, every spot on here is a galaxy, and you see the galaxies,

宇宙が扇形に映し出されているのがわかりますか？

you know, sort of in our neighborhood, and you sort of see the structure.

ひとつひとつの点が銀河を現しています

And you see this thing we call the Great Wall,

比較的我々の銀河から近い場所に先ほどの

and you see the complicated structure, and you see these voids.

グレートウォールが見えます

There are places where there are no galaxies and there are places

複雑な構造もあれば空洞もあります

where there are thousands of galaxies clumped together, right.

銀河のない場所もあれば

So there's an interesting pattern,

何千もの銀河が密集している場所もあります

but we don't have enough data here to actually see the pattern.

面白いパターンがありそうですが

We only have a million galaxies, right?

それを調べるにはデータが不足しています

So we're keeping, like, a million balls in the air

たった100万の銀河についてのデータしかないのです

but, what's going on?

空にある100万のボールを見ているようなものです

There's another survey which is very similar to this,

ではどうするか？

called the Two-degree Field of View Galaxy Redshift Survey.

これとよく似た調査結果があります

Now we're going to fly through it at warp a million.

２度視野銀河赤方偏移観測です

And every time there's a galaxy -- at its location there's a galaxy --

２度の視野の中で遥か遠くまで観測します

and if we know anything about the galaxy, which we do,

銀河を見つける度に

because there's a redshift measurement and everything,

赤色偏移などを観測し

you put in the type of galaxy and the color,

銀河の種類や色を

so this is the real representation.

記録していくのです

And when you're in the middle of the galaxies

これは実際の観測結果を表したものです

it's hard to see the pattern; it's like being in the middle of life.

銀河の真ん中にいるときは

It's hard to see the pattern in the middle of the audience,

パターンが見えづらくなります 人生の真ん中のようなものです

it's hard to see the pattern of this.

観客の真ん中にいると

So we're going to go out and swing around and look back at this.

パターンは見えにくいものです

And you'll see, first, the structure of the survey,

外に出てから見てみましょう

and then you'll start seeing the structure of the galaxies

まず調査の構造がわかります

that we see out there.

そして銀河の構造が見えてくるようになります

So again, you can see the extension of this Great Wall of galaxies showing up here.

外にいるから見えるのです

But you can see the voids,

グレートウォールがそそり立っているのが見えます

you can see the complicated structure, and you say,

空洞があるのもわかります

well, how did this happen?

複雑な構造です

Suppose you're the cosmic designer.

どうしてこうなったのでしょう？

How are you going to put galaxies out there in a pattern like that?

自分が宇宙のデザイナーだと思ってください

It's not just throwing them out at random.

どうやって銀河をこんな模様に作りますか？

There's a more complicated process going on here.

ただランダムに放り投げただけではありません

How are you going to end up doing that?

もっと複雑なプロセスがあります

And so now we're in for some serious play.

どうやってそれを作り上げるのでしょうか？

That is, we have to seriously play God,

このカンファレンスの題名でもある"serious play"の出番です

not just change people's lives, but make the universe, right.

私たちは神の役割を真面目に演じなければいけないのです

So if that's your responsibility, how are you going to do that?

人々の生活を変えるだけでなく、宇宙を作ることについても

What's the kind of technique?

その責任を負うとしたらどのように行いますか？

What's the kind of thing you're going to do?

どんな方法を使いますか？

So I'm going to show you the results of a very large-scale simulation

どんなことを行いますか？

of what we think the universe might be like, using, essentially,

大規模なシミュレーションの結果をお見せします

some of the play principles and some of the design principles that,

我々が考える宇宙のあり方について

you know, humans have labored so hard to pick up,

人間が必死になって学んできたけれど

but apparently nature knew how to do at the beginning.

自然は最初から知っている

And that is, you start out with very simple ingredients

遊びとデザインの原則を使ったものです

and some simple rules,

とても単純な材料とルールから

but you have to have enough ingredients to make it complicated.

始めますが

And then you put in some randomness,

複雑にするために材料の量は十分に必要です

some fluctuations and some randomness,

そこにいくらかのランダムさと

and realize a whole bunch of different representations.

ゆらぎを加えます

So what I'm going to do is show you

さまざまな形が現れます

the distribution of matter as a function of scales.

これからお見せするのは

We're going to zoom in, but this is a plot of what it is.

スケールに応じて定まる物質の分布です

And we had to add one more thing to make the universe come out right.

ズームインしましょう

It's called dark matter.

適正な宇宙にするために もう一種の素材を加えなければなりません

That is matter that doesn't interact with light

暗黒物質です

the typical way that ordinary matter does,

私やこのステージなどの

the way the light's shining on me or on the stage.

通常の物質とは違い

It's transparent to light, but in order for you to see it,

光との相互作用をしない物質です

we're going to make it white. OK?

暗黒物質は光に対して透明ですが

So the stuff that's in this picture that's white, that is the dark matter.

ここでは 白く表現します

It should be called invisible matter,

図で白く見える部分が暗黒物質です

but the dark matter we've made visible.

目に見えない物質と呼ぶべきですが

And the stuff that is in the yellow color,