being here over these past few days.

おはようございます ここ数日この場にいられて

And secondly, I feel it's a great honor to kind of wind up

感激しているところです

this extraordinary gathering of people,

そして 素晴らしい皆さんや

these amazing talks that we've had.

これまでのTEDトークを

I feel that I've fitted in, in many ways,

私が締めくくるなんて 本当に光栄です

to some of the things that I've heard.

いろんな意味で

I came directly here

共感が持てる話がありました

from the deep, deep tropical rainforest in Ecuador,

エクアドルの熱帯雨林の奥地から

where I was out -- you could only get there by a plane --

直接ここに来ました

with indigenous people with paint on their faces

飛行機じゃなければ たどり着けない場所で

and parrot feathers on their headdresses,

顔には絵の具 頭には羽をつけた

where these people are fighting to try and keep the oil companies,

先住民がいる場所です

and keep the roads, out of their forests.

彼らは石油会社の侵略や道路建設計画から

They're fighting to develop their own way of living within the forest

森林を守ろうと頑張っています

in a world that's clean, a world that isn't contaminated,

汚染されていない きれいな森林の中で

a world that isn't polluted.

自らの暮らしを発展させていこうと

And what was so amazing to me, and what fits right in

闘っているのです

with what we're all talking about here at TED,

私が驚いたことでもあり

is that there, right in the middle of this rainforest,

この場にぴったりだと感じたのは

was some solar panels -- the first in that part of Ecuador --

その熱帯雨林の真ん中に

and that was mainly to bring water up by pump

その地域 初の ソーラーパネルがあり

so that the women wouldn't have to go down.

女たちが 水汲みに行かなくて済むよう

The water was cleaned, but because they got a lot of batteries,

水用のポンプに使用されています

they were able to store a lot of electricity.

浄化水を得る以上の電気が得られるので

So every house -- and there were, I think, eight houses

蓄電しています

in this little community -- could have light

たしか８世帯ある この小さな村では

for, I think it was about half an hour each evening.

毎晩30分ほどだったと思いますが

And there is the Chief, in all his regal finery, with a laptop computer.

どの世帯も電気が使えるのです

(Laughter)

装飾をまとった酋長はノートパソコンを持っています

And this man, he has been outside, but he's gone back,

（笑）

and he was saying, "You know, we have suddenly jumped into

この酋長は外にも出たことのある人で こう言うんです

a whole new era, and we didn't even know about the white man

”いきなり新しい時代に突入しちゃったね

50 years ago, and now here we are with laptop computers,

50年前なんて白人の存在すら知らなかったのに

and there are some things we want to learn from the modern world.

今じゃ パソコンを持つようになった

We want to know about health care.

現代の世界から学びたい事は幾つかある

We want to know about what other people do -- we're interested in it.

健康管理について知りたい

And we want to learn other languages.

他の人のライフスタイルにも興味があるし

We want to know English and French and perhaps Chinese,

外国語も習いたい

and we're good at languages."

英語 フランス語 できれば中国語もね

So there he is with his little laptop computer,

語学には自信があるんだ”

but fighting against the might of the pressures --

こんな感じで 酋長はパソコンを持ちながら

because of the debt, the foreign debt of Ecuador --

エクアドルが抱える負債が原因で

fighting the pressure of World Bank, IMF, and of course

世界銀行やIMFからの圧力や

the people who want to exploit the forests and take out the oil.

熱帯雨林の石油を搾取しようとする者からの

And so, coming directly from there to here.

圧力と闘っているのです

But, of course, my real field of expertise

そんなわけで そこから直接やってきました

lies in an even different kind of civilization --

しかし 私が専門とするのは

I can't really call it a civilization.

もっと違った文明社会にあります

A different way of life, a different being.

文明社会と呼ぶには適切ではないかもしれませんが

We've talked earlier -- this wonderful talk by Wade Davis

異なる生活の仕方や存在です

about the different cultures of the humans around the world --

先ほどウェイド ディビスが世界中の異なる人間文化の

but the world is not composed only of human beings;

素晴らしい話をされましたが

there are also other animal beings.

世界は人間だけで構成されているのではありません

And I propose to bring into this TED conference,

動物たちもいます

as I always do around the world, the voice of the animal kingdom.

私が世界中で常にしていることですが

Too often we just see a few slides, or a bit of film,

この場でも動物の声に耳を傾けてみませんか

but these beings have voices that mean something.

写真や映画は良く見かけますが

And so, I want to give you a greeting,

動物の声にも意味が込められています

as from a chimpanzee in the forests of Tanzania --

ですからタンザニアの森に住む

Ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh!

チンパンジーの挨拶をお届けします

(Applause)

（チンパンジーの声）

I've been studying chimpanzees in Tanzania since 1960.

（拍手）

During that time, there have been modern technologies

私は1960年からタンザニアでチンパンジーの研究をしています

that have really transformed the way

それから今に至る間 現代の技術で

that field biologists do their work.

フィールド生物学者の

For example, for the first time, a few years ago,

研究方法が一変しました

by simply collecting little fecal samples

数年前に初めて行った例ですが

we were able to have them analyzed -- to have DNA profiling done --

チンパンジーの糞を採取するだけで

so for the first time, we actually know which male chimps

DNA分析し 個人識別ができるようになりました

are the fathers of each individual infant.

おかげで 初めて 各チンパンジーの

Because the chimps have a very promiscuous mating society.

父親が特定できるようになりました

So this opens up a whole new avenue of research.

不特定多数のメスと交尾するからです

And we use GSI -- geographic whatever it is, GSI --

これは全く新しい研究手段です

to determine the range of the chimps.

そして地理情報システムを利用し

And we're using -- you can see that I'm not really into this kind of stuff --

チンパンジーの行動範囲を追っています

but we're using satellite imagery

この種のものは私の専門ではありませんが

to look at the deforestation in the area.

衛星を通して この地域の

And of course, there's developments in infrared,

森林破壊を観察しています

so you can watch animals at night,

赤外線も便利になりました

and equipment for recording by video,

夜間に動物の観察ができるし

and tape recording is getting lighter and better.

ビデオの性能も良くなり

So in many, many ways, we can do things today

機材も軽くなり 質も向上しています

that we couldn't do when I began in 1960.

ですから研究を始めた1960年に出来なかった－

Especially when chimpanzees, and other animals

様々なことが今では可能になりました

with large brains, are studied in captivity,

チンパンジーや他の脳が大きい動物の

modern technology is helping us to search

高次認知機能を

for the upper levels of cognition in some of these non-human animals.

飼育して研究する際には特に

So that we know today, they're capable of performances

現代の技術が役立っています

that would have been thought absolutely impossible

今では認められている彼らの能力も

by science when I began.

60年代には科学で

I think the chimpanzee in captivity who is the most skilled

絶対に不可能とされていました

in intellectual performance is one called Ai in Japan --

研究所にいる一番賢いチンパンジーは

her name means love --

日本にいるアイだと思います

and she has a wonderfully sensitive partner working with her.

愛という意味です

She loves her computer --

アイには感受性豊かなパートナーがいます

she'll leave her big group, and her running water,

アイはコンピュータが大好き

and her trees and everything.

仲間や水や木よりも

And she'll come in to sit at this computer --

好きなんです

it's like a video game for a kid; she's hooked.

コンピュータの前に座ると

She's 28, by the way, and she does things with her computer screen

ゲームをする子供のよう

and a touch pad that she can do faster than most humans.

ちなみに28歳で タッチパネルの操作は

She does very complex tasks, and I haven't got time to go into them,

大多数の人間よりも素早いのです

but the amazing thing about this female is

詳しく伝える時間はないのですが

she doesn't like making mistakes.

非常に複雑な課題もこなし

If she has a bad run, and her score isn't good,

間違えることを嫌います

she'll come and reach up and tap on the glass --

ゲームで高得点が取れないと

because she can't see the experimenter --

実験者がいる部屋のガラスを

which is asking to have another go.

トントン叩くのです

And her concentration -- she's already concentrated hard

もう一度やらせて とね

for 20 minutes or so, and now she wants to do it all over again,

既に20分ほど のめり込んでいながら

just for the satisfaction of having done it better.

少しでも良く出来たという満足感のために

And the food is not important -- she does get a tiny reward,

最初からやり直したいのです

like one raisin for a correct response --

正解に対するご褒美はレーズン1粒ですが

but she will do it for nothing, if you tell her beforehand.

それはアイにとって重要ではありません

So here we are, a chimpanzee using a computer.

事前に言えばご褒美なしでもゲームをします

Chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans also learn human sign language.

コンピュータを使うチンパンジーですよ！

But the point is that when I was first in Gombe in 1960 --

チンパンジー ゴリラ オラウータンは手話も習得します

I remember so well, so vividly, as though it was yesterday --

私が初めてゴンベに行ったのは1960年で

the first time, when I was going through the vegetation,

昨日の事のように鮮明に覚えています

the chimpanzees were still running away from me, for the most part,

初めて野生に足を入れた当時は

although some were a little bit acclimatized --

チンパンジーも警戒していました

and I saw this dark shape, hunched over a termite mound,

あまり恐れないのも いましたけどね

and I peered with my binoculars.

アリ塚を覆う暗い影が見えたので

It was, fortunately, one adult male whom I'd named David Greybeard --

双眼鏡で覗いてみたところ

and by the way, science at that time was telling me that I shouldn't name the chimps;

なんと 雄チンパンジーのデイビットでした

they should all have numbers; that was more scientific.

余談ですが 当時は名前をつけずに

Anyway, David Greybeard -- and I saw that

番号をつけるのが普通でした

he was picking little pieces of grass and using them

さておき デイビットですが

to fish termites from their underground nest.

草を引っこ抜き それを使って巣にいる

And not only that -- he would sometimes pick a leafy twig

アリを捕まえていたんです

and strip the leaves --

さらにデイビットは小枝を拾っては

modifying an object to make it suitable for a specific purpose --

葉を取り除いていました

the beginning of tool-making.

特定の目的に合わせて 物を修正するのは

The reason this was so exciting and such a breakthrough

道具づくりの始まりです

is at that time, it was thought that humans,

その当時 飛躍的な前進として

and only humans, used and made tools.

感激した理由は 道具を作り―

When I was at school, we were defined as man, the toolmaker.

使うのは人間だけだと思われていたからです

So that when Louis Leakey, my mentor, heard this news,

私が学生の時 ヒトの定義は道具を作ることでした

he said, "Ah, we must now redefine 'man,' redefine 'tool,'

わが師 ルイス リーキーが言ったんです

or accept chimpanzees as humans."

”ヒトと道具の再定義をするか―

(Laughter)

チンパンジーをヒトと見なさなければ”

We now know that at Gombe alone, there are nine different ways

（笑）

in which chimpanzees use different objects for different purposes.

現在ではゴンベだけで チンパンジーが道具を

Moreover, we know that in different parts of Africa,

目的別に９通りの使い分けをすると確認されています

wherever chimps have been studied,

さらに チンパンジーの研究がされている－

there are completely different tool-using behaviors.

アフリカの他の地域においても

And because it seems that these patterns are passed

道具を使う全く別の習性が確認されています

from one generation to the next, through observation,

これらのパターンは世代から世代へと

imitation and practice -- that is a definition of human culture.

観察 模倣 実践を通じた継承に見えますが

What we find is that over these 40-odd years

それはヒト文化の定義です

that I and others have been studying chimpanzees

40年余りにわたって 私を含む研究者が

and the other great apes, and, as I say, other mammals

チンパンジーと他の類人猿 そして複雑な脳と

with complex brains and social systems,

社会システムを持つ他の哺乳類を

we have found that after all, there isn't a sharp line

研究して得たのは 結局のところ

dividing humans from the rest of the animal kingdom.

人間と他の動物界を隔てる

It's a very wuzzy line.

明白な線は無いということです

It's getting wuzzier all the time as we find animals doing things

非常に曖昧な線なのです

that we, in our arrogance, used to think was just human.

人間のみの能力と 傲慢にも考えられていたものが

The chimps -- there's no time to discuss their fascinating lives --

違うとわかるたびに境界線は更に曖昧になります

but they have this long childhood, five years

時間の関係上 すべては語れませんが

of suckling and sleeping with the mother,

チンパンジーは母親と一緒に寝る－

and then another three, four or five years

乳児期が5年あり

of emotional dependence on her, even when the next child is born.

更に３～５年は

The importance of learning in that time, when behavior is flexible --

次の子が生まれても感情面で母親に依存します

and there's an awful lot to learn in chimpanzee society.

行動が柔軟な時期の学習は大切

The long-term affectionate supportive bonds

しかも彼らの社会は学ぶことがいっぱい

that develop throughout this long childhood with the mother,

長い幼少期を通じて育む―

with the brothers and sisters,

母や兄弟姉妹との

and which can last through a lifetime,

愛情深い絆は

which may be up to 60 years.

一生続いていきます

They can actually live longer than 60 in captivity,

寿命は60年になることも

so we've only done 40 years in the wild so far.

飼育されている場合は60年以上です

And we find chimps are capable of true compassion and altruism.

私達は研究を始めてまだ40年

We find in their non-verbal communication -- this is very rich --

チンパンジーは思いやりがあり利他的行動をとります

they have a lot of sounds, which they use in different circumstances,

彼らの豊富な非言語コミュニケーションでは

but they also use touch, posture, gesture,

多岐に渡って音を使い分けます

and what do they do?

触ったり身構えたり

They kiss; they embrace; they hold hands.

ジェスチャーも使います

They pat one another on the back; they swagger; they shake their fist --

キス　抱擁　手つなぎ

the kind of things that we do,

背中をポンと叩く 威張り歩く　こぶしを振り回す

and they do them in the same kind of context.

人間がやるような事をして

They have very sophisticated cooperation.

その脈絡も同じです

Sometimes they hunt -- not that often,

仲間同士の協力も高度です

but when they hunt, they show sophisticated cooperation,

時に狩りをしますが

and they share the prey.

チームワークは大したもので

We find that they show emotions, similar to -- maybe sometimes the same --

捕った獲物も分け合います

as those that we describe in ourselves as happiness, sadness, fear, despair.

人間同様に喜び 悲しみ 恐れ 絶望といった―

They know mental as well as physical suffering.

感情を持ち合わせ 精神や肉体面の苦しみも

And I don't have time to go into the information

わかっています

that will prove some of these things to you,

時間の関係で

save to say that there are very bright students, in the best universities,

詳しくは話せませんが

studying emotions in animals, studying personalities in animals.

トップクラスの大学では学生が

We know that chimpanzees and some other creatures

動物の感情や性格を勉強しています

can recognize themselves in mirrors -- "self" as opposed to "other."

チンパンジーや一部の動物は

They have a sense of humor, and these are the kind of things

鏡に映る姿を自分と認識できます

which traditionally have been thought of as human prerogatives.

彼らはユーモアを解し それは

But this teaches us a new respect -- and it's a new respect

もはや人間のみの特権ではありません

not only for the chimpanzees, I suggest,

これはチンパンジーのみならず 地球に共存する―

but some of the other amazing animals with whom we share this planet.

他の動物に対する敬意を

Once we're prepared to admit that after all,

我々は教えられているのです

we're not the only beings with personalities, minds

人格 心 感情を持つのは

and above all feelings, and then we start to think

人間だけではないと認めたときに

about ways we use and abuse

知覚力を備えた賢い生き物を

so many other sentient, sapient creatures on this planet,

人間が利用し

it really gives cause for deep shame, at least for me.

悪用していると気付き始めるのです

So, the sad thing is that these chimpanzees --

私は非常に情けなく感じます

who've perhaps taught us, more than any other creature, a little humility --

やるせないのは 他の生き物以上に

are in the wild, disappearing very fast.

謙虚さ を教えてくれたチンパンジーが

They're disappearing for the reasons

急速に野生から消え去っていること

that all of you in this room know only too well.

それには理由があり

The deforestation, the growth of human populations, needing more land.

周知の事実でしょう

They're disappearing because some timber companies

森林破壊や人口増加に伴う土地開発

go in with clear-cutting.

材木産業の皆伐でチンパンジーが

They're disappearing in the heart of their range in Africa

消えつつあります

because the big multinational logging companies have come in and made roads --

大手多国籍企業が石油や材木目当てに

as they want to do in Ecuador

道路を開発したのが原因でチンパンジーがアフリカの

and other parts where the forests remain untouched --

生息地域中心部から消えており

to take out oil or timber.

エクアドルや その他の原生林でも

And this has led in Congo basin, and other parts of the world,

同じ事をしようとしています