Go back to school?

それでも働きに行く?

Not work at all? What would you do?

学校に戻る?

This concept is called a universal basic income or UBI

全然働かない?

And it's nothing less than the most ambitious social policy of our times

あなたならどうする?

in 2017, basic income is gaining momentum around the world

この考え方が最低所得保障 (ＵＢＩ)と呼ばれるもので、

First trials are ongoing or on their way

こんにちの最も野心的な 社会政策のひとつだ

and a growing number of countries are considering UBI as an alternative to welfare

2017年、ベーシックインカムは 世界的に脚光をあびはじめた

How would it work and what are the key arguments for and against?

初めての試行がいくつか 進行中だし、

Right now people can't really agree. What universal basic income is or should be

福祉事業に替わるものとして UBIを検討する国が増えている

Some want to use it to eliminate welfare and Cupp bureaucracy

それはどういうしくみで働き、 賛否両論の要点はどこだろう?

Others want it as a free extra for existing programs, or even want it to be so high that work itself becomes optional

UBIが何であり、どうあるべきかという きちんとした合意は、まだ存在しない

For this video we'll talk mostly about the minimum basic income

福祉事業を廃止して、お役所仕事を 減らすために使おうという者もいれば

enough money to be above the poverty line

既存政策に無料で 追加すべきという者や、

in the US this means about $1,000 a month or $12,000 a year

労働がオプションになってしまうほど 支給額を高くしようという者もいる

The money would not be taxed and you could do whatever you wanted with it in

この動画では、最小限の BIについて話そう

In this scenario UBI is a way of transferring the wealth of a society

貧困線をかろうじて 超える額のお金

while still keeping the free market intact

アメリカでなら月1,000ドル、 年12,000ドルを意味する

But if we hand out free money will people just spend it on booze and stop working?

そのお金は非課税で、 何に使ってもいい

A 2013 study by the World Bank

このシナリオではUBIは 社会の富の再分配手段で

specifically examined if poor people waste their handouts on tobacco and alcohol if they receive it in the form of cash

自由市場には手をつけない

The clear answer, no they don't. The opposite is true

でも再分配されたお金で人々は 遊び暮らし、働かなくなるのでは?

Other studies have shown that the richer you are, the more drugs and alcohol you consume

2013年の、 世界銀行による研究では、

The lazy and drunk poor person is a stereotype rather than reality

貧しい人が無料支給を、酒や タバコに浪費してしまわないか

What about laziness?

という点を特に調査した

Universal basic income test runs done in Canada in the 1970s showed that around

答えは明確で、ノー 全く反対が真実だった

1% of the recipients stopped working, mostly to take care of their kids

別の研究では、豊かな人ほど ドラッグや酒を消費していた

On average people reduced their working hours by less than 10%

怠惰で酒飲みの貧困者というのは ステレオタイプな思い込みだったのだ

The extra time was used to achieve goals like going back to school or looking for better jobs

怠惰についてはどうか?

But if laziness and drugs are not a huge deal, Why doesn't our current welfare state solve poverty

1970年代のカナダでの UBIの試行では

Welfare or unemployment programs often come with a lot of strings attached

1%程度の受給者は子供の 世話のために働くのをやめたが、

Like taking part in courses,

労働時間短縮は平均10%以下で

Applying to a certain number of jobs a month or accepting any kind of job offer

増えた時間は、学校に戻って勉強したり、 より良い仕事を探したり、に使われた

no matter if it's a good fit, or what it pays

でも怠惰やドラッグが 問題ではないのなら

Besides the loss of personal freedom, these conditions are often a huge waste of time and only served to make the unemployment statistics

現代の福祉国家が貧困を 解決できないのは何故か?

Seem less bad

福祉や失業政策は、 がんじがらめだ

Often your time would be much better spent looking for the right job

それはまったく言いなりに

continuing education or starting a business

毎月決まった数の 仕事をこなせとか、

Another unwanted side effect of many welfare programs is that they trap people in poverty and promote passive behavior

賃金や適性と関係なく

Imagine a benefit of $1,000 each month

どんな仕事でも受け入れよとか

in a lot of programs if you earn a single dollar extra the whole thing is taken away

個人の自由を損なうばかりか、

If you take a job, that's paying $1200 you might not only lose your benefits,

大いなる時間の無駄であり

but because of your taxes and another costs like transportation

雇用統計をちょっと 改善する程度の

You might end up having less money than before

効果しかない

So if you actively try to better your situation, and your total income is not improving or even a shrinking

もっと適性に合った 仕事を探したり

welfare can create a ceiling that traps people in poverty

勉強したり、起業した方が 良かっただろうに

and rewards passive behavior

福祉政策の別の副作用は 人々を貧困にとどめ、

A basic income can never be cut and therefore getting a job and additional income would always make your financial situation better

受動的にさせることだ

Work is always rewarded

月に1,000ドルの給付金が あるとする

instead of a ceiling it creates a floor from which people can lift themselves up

多くの制度では、1ドルでも稼ぎがあると 給付金は全部取り上げられる

But even if UBI is the better model, is it economically feasible?

職を得て1,200ドル得ると、 給付金を失うだけでなく

What about inflation?

税金や送料ほかの コストがかかり

Won't prices just rise making everything just like it was before?

かえって収入が減ってしまう

Since the money is not being created by magic or printers it needs to be transferred from somewhere

状況を改善しようと努力すると むしろ悪化してしまう

It's more of a shift of funds than the creation of new ones

福祉が貧困から抜け出せない 罠となり

Hence; no inflation

消極的な振る舞いを うながしてしまう

Ok, but how do we pay for it?

BIは絶対にカット されないので

There's no right answer here because the world is too diverse

職を得て追加の 収入を得ることは

How well-off the country is, what the local values are,

必ず状況の改善になる

Are things like high taxes or cutting the defence budget politically acceptable or not?

仕事は必ず報いられる

How much welfare state is already in place and is it effective?

抜け出すべき罠を 作るのではなく

Each country has its own individual path to a UBI

しかしUBIが良い 制度だとしても

The easiest way to pay for a UBI is to end all welfare and use the free funds to finance it

経済学的に可能なのか?

Not only would this make a number of government agencies disappear, which in itself saves money, it would also eliminate a lot of bureaucracy

インフレはどうか?

on the other hand cutting them could leave many people worse off than before

物価が上がって 元のもくあみになるのでは?

If the goal is to have a foundation for everybody there still need to be programs of some sort because just like countries,

お金が魔法やプリンターで 生み出せない以上、

People are not the same

財源は必要だ

The second way - higher taxes especially for the very wealthy

新しいお金を作るのではなく 資金の移動なのだ

In the US for example there's been a lot of economic growth but most of the benefits from it have gone to the richest few percent

なので、インフレは起きない

the wealth gap is rapidly widening

わかった でもどこから持ってくる?

and many argue that it might be time to distribute the spoils more evenly to preserve the social peace

世界は多様なので 正解はない

There could be taxes on financial transactions, capital, land value, carbon, or even robots

国の豊かさや価値観、

But UBI is not necessarily expensive

高額な税金や国防費の削減が 政治的に受け入れられるか?

According to a recent study

既存の福祉国家はどれだけあり、 それらは有効か?

a UBI of $1,000 per month in the US

国ごとにUBIへの道は違うだろう

Could actually grow the GDP by 12% over eight years

UBIの財源を作る簡単な方法は 福祉を全廃することだ

because it would enable poor people to spend more and increase overall demand

多くの政府機関が消えて 節約になるだけでなく

What about the people who do the dirty work?

お役所仕事も簡略化できる

Who will work in the fields, crawl through sewers, or lift pianos?

その一方で、福祉をカット されると困る人もいるだろう

If you don't need to for survival, will people still do hard boring and unfulfilling labor?

目的が万人のための基盤づくりに あるなら、なお何らかの政策は必要だろう

UBI might give them enough leverage to demand better pay and working conditions

国と同じく、人も さまざまなのだから

a study calculated that every extra dollar going to wage earners would add about $1.21 to the national economy

他の方法としては、最富裕層に 対する、より高額な課税がある

While every extra dollar going to high-income Americans would add only 39 cents

米国を例に取ると、多くの 経済成長があったのに

There would still be very rich and poor people

利益はみんな最富裕層の 数%に行ってしまった

but we could eliminate fear, suffering, and existential panic for a significant part of the population

格差が急速に広がっており

Making poor citizens better off could be a smart economic tactic

公平に利益を分配するべき 時期だとの議論が多い

For some this isn't enough. They want a UBI large enough to live a middle-class existence

金融取引、資本、地価、炭素排出、 あるいはロボットにだって課税できる

If we set the financial obstacle aside, this idea fundamentally challenges, how our society is constructed

しかし、UBIが必ず 高くつくとは限らない

By earning money, you earn the possibility to take part in society this determines your status and options

最近の研究によれば

But it also forces many people into spending huge chunks of their time on things they don't care about

米国で毎月1,000ドルのUBIは

in 2016 only 33% of US employees were engaged at work

GDPにして毎年12%の 成長をもたらすという

16% were actively miserable and the remaining 51% were only physically present

貧しかった人たちがお金を 使うようになるからだ

Would 67% of people stop working if they could?

汚い仕事をする 人たちはどうか?

It would be unfair to portray work as just a chore

野良仕事や下水の仕事、あるいは ピアノを運ぶ仕事など

work gives us something to do. It challenges us

生きていくのに必要でなければ、 誰がきつい仕事をするだろう?

it motivates us to improve, it forces us to engage

UBIはそうした人たちの待遇改善に つながるかもしれない

Many find friends or partners at work, we work for social status wealth and our place in the world

ある試算では、賃金労働者への 1ドルごとに、

We're looking for something to do with our lives and for many people work gives them meaning

国民経済に対して1.21ドルの 貢献になるが

There are other concerns with UBI

高所得者への1ドルは39セントの 貢献にしかならないという

If all welfare programs were exchanged for one single payment, this gives the government a lot of leverage

依然として富めるものと 貧しき者がいるだろうが

individual programs are easier to attack or cut than a multitude

大部分の人にとっての恐れや悩み、 実存的パニックを解消することはできる

or populist smite promise drastic changes to the UBI to get into power

貧しい市民を改善するのは 賢い経済戦術だ

and a universal basic income doesn't tackle all problems when it comes to equality

これでも不十分だと いう者もいる

Rents for example

UBIは中流の生活ができる 程度にすべきだと

while $1,000 might be great in the countryside, it's not a lot for expensive metropolitan areas

財政上の議論は おくとしても、

which could lead to poor people moving outwards and the difference between rich and poor

この考えは我々の社会の成り立ちに 対する根本的な挑戦になる

becoming even more extreme

お金を稼ぐことで、 人は社会の一部を担う

and of course, for some people, the concept of work itself not being essential for survival is appalling

それが人のステータスと選択肢を 決定している

Conclusion

だがそのために、多大な時間を 興味のないことに費やしてもいる

So is the universal basic income a good idea? The honest answer is that we don't know yet

2016年、仕事に満足している 米国の被雇用者はたった33%で、

There needs to be a lot more research more and bigger test runs

16%は悲惨な状態にあり、 残りの51%はやむを得ず従事していた

We need to think about what kind of UBI we want and what we're prepared to give up to pay for it

67%の人々が、可能なら 仕事をやめるのだろうか

The potential is huge. It might be the most promising model to sustainably eliminate poverty

仕事をただの雑用として描くのは フェアじゃないだろう

It might seriously reduce the amount of desperation in the world and make us all much less stressed out

仕事は我々になすべきことを与え、 意欲をかきたてる

This video was made possible by a

それは改善の動機となり、 我々に参加を強制する

Universal basic income provided by you, our viewers

友人や仕事上の 仲間を見つけ、

Ten thousand people around the world gift us a monthly income on patreon.com/Kurzgesagt

社会的身分や 居場所を得る

You enable us to pay salaries and buy new hardware you enable us to make more videos

我々は人生の中で すべきことを探し、

And you enable us to spend more time on them

仕事が多くの人に 意味を与えてくれる

Kurzgesagt would truly not be what it is today without your help

UBIには他の 懸念もある

You help us stay independent, and you give us the freedom to put quality before quantity

全ての福祉政策が単一の 給付になってしまうと、

Thank you so much

政府に大きな影響力を 与えることになる