Name: ライナー・ヴァイス 電話インタビュー (Rainer Weiss telephone interview)
Uploaded: 2021-01-14T07:08:56.000Z
Duration: 9 min 12 s
Description: VoiceTubeの動画で発音を聞きながら英語表現を覚えよう！学べる英語：

[Adam Smith] Good morning, my name is Adam Smith calling from Nobelprize.org, the website

RW: Yeah, very good, I already talked to some of your...with your colleagues this morning.

AS: First of all congratulations on the award of the Nobel Prize.

AS: It must be very special, in particular because you came up with the idea of this

Other people also had thought of detectors, so be careful with that.

I mean, in fact there was a group in Russia in 1962 - Gertsenshtein and Pustovoit - I

They wrote a little paper in a Russian journal which none of us knew about that, not to do

it by interferometry so much, but to use light as a way of doing this.

And then it turns out, Joe Weber, unbeknownst to us, but also Joe Weber, who was sort of

the first person to start thinking about this.

RW: Yeah the Weber bar, but at the end of the Weber bars he also has some notes about

that maybe we should do this with interferometry.

The whole world tried to reproduce the Weber experiments.

I don’t know, you’re probably too young to know that, but the thing is that in ‘60..

Weber made his big announcement in ‘69 and ..where he showed that he had, in three bars,

he had seen gravitational waves and then that got, virtually everybody, well many, many

groups, both in Europe and Asia and in the United States, tried to reproduce this and

to everybody’s disappointment nobody saw the same thing that Joe did, Joe Weber did.

And, the way it happened in my life is I was teaching a course in general relativity, in

the middle of that epic, sort of 1967, and I couldn’t explain the way a Weber bar worked.

Mostly because I just didn’t know enough, ok, but it was that…I thought that there

must be an easier way to explain how a gravitational wave interacts with matter.

If one just looked at the most primitive thing of all, 3D floating masses out in space and

look at how the space between them changed because of the gravitational wave coming between

And I gave that as a problem in the course, you know, and the kids in this course did

it, because it’s a fairly straightforward calculation.

And that was sort of ‘67 and by about ’72, ‘71 it turned out that many people were

not seeing, I mean it was already quite clear that the bar technique and Weber’s experiments

And so I spent a summer thinking about, maybe this idea that I gave as an exercise in a

course would be a nice way to try and do this because it was so easy to understand it.

And that then turned into LIGO, but other people had thought of it.

AS: Nevertheless a journey from the early seventies to now.

The sense of achievement and excitement must be quite..

I mean look..the thing..it has nothing to do with pride.

I actually did a calculation of what might be all the things that get in the way of being

Which actually turned out to be very useful.

You know the different noises that would make it impossible to see it, or possible to see

it, you had to solve a whole set of problems, and that was my contribution to it in the

It’s quite mind-boggling to think of how precise this piece of equipment is.

[Laughs] That’s true, and it’s…that’s what took by the way.

I think the easiest way to say it is that the concept is very straightforward.

You measure the time it takes light to go between two orthogonal directions in the gravitational

And you measure that time very carefully, and that idea’s sort of trivial.

I mean most people who know a little bit of physics can make that calculation.

On the other hand what happens to make it actually happen because the sizes of things

is so small and I think the easiest way to say it .. Are you familiar with exponential

RW: Well ok, I think the best way of saying it is this way.

There are two factors of 1012 that had to be solved.

One of them was that the light wavelength itself is 10-6 meters and so you had to devise

a way to make light, which has this wavelength of 10-6 to go, to be good enough so you could

measure 10-18 meters, and that is a factor of 1012.

And that was not the hardest problem, but that was one of the major problems between,

But the other one is another factor of 1012 which is just as serious and that’s much

And that was that even though you may have this wonderful method of now breaking up a

light fringe so you could do a part in 1012 of it, you still don’t know that the thing

that you’re measuring is not being pushed around by forces that make it move much, much

more, that are not gravitational, that are not gravitational waves.

But other forces like thermal noise, like seismic motion, or god knows all the different

things that happen in the world, that you were not being…

That, that same mirror that you’re looking at is not being pushed around by, by things

that make it move more than 10-18 meters.

And that is another factor of 1012 about because it turns out that ground motion is about a

So you have to devise a wonderful way to get rid of the ground motion and then get rid

of the thermal noise and now it’s really at the point where we’re worrying about

So…But, it was all pretty well organised, I mean in the sense that people knew what

It’s just that it takes time to do a thing like that.

AS: The contrast between the minute precision to make the measurement and the size of the

It’s really..What it tells you is something really interesting.

It tells you that space is very, very stiff to distortion.

You know the Einstein waves can be thought of as a distortion of space, and time.

But the way we see it, we see it as a distortion of space.

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ライナー・ヴァイス電話インタビュー (Rainer Weiss telephone interview)

sort

concept

completely

sense

ライナー・ヴァイス 電話インタビュー (Rainer Weiss telephone interview)

sort

concept

completely

sense

ライナー・ヴァイス電話インタビュー (Rainer Weiss telephone interview)