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  • - [Instructor] Okay, so we've been talking about

  • The Second Great Awakening and its context

  • in early 19th century America.

  • The Second Great Awakening was this period

  • of religious revival that was kind of

  • at its hot point in 1820 to 1840

  • and in the last couple of videos,

  • we've been talking about just the nature

  • of this society that produced The Second Great Awakening,

  • particularly how they responded to changes

  • in how people related to each other in business

  • and also just broader social changes

  • like the expansion of American democracy

  • and the expansion of American territory west.

  • So in this last video, I want to talk about

  • some of the outgrowths of The Second Great Awakening.

  • So why do we care so much that

  • there was this period of religious revival?

  • What did it lead to in American life?

  • There are two major things that were directly related

  • to The Second Great Awakening in this early 19th century.

  • New religious movements in the United States,

  • some of which are still with us today

  • and even more importantly for the time period,

  • major reform movements, including

  • the Movement for Abolition, the end of slavery,

  • which is going to lead to the outbreak of The Civil War.

  • So let's look a little bit closer at these two things.

  • So as we've talked about, The Second Great Awakening

  • promoted both the idea that one should try

  • to create heaven on earth

  • and also, a more democratic approach to religion in general,

  • that it didn't matter who you were.

  • If you were a man, a woman, white, black, enslaved, free,

  • you were still entitled to a personal relationship with God

  • and a chance at salvation.

  • So one of the things this meant in this time period

  • is that there's just a lot of religious experimentation.

  • A lot of new American religions emerge at this time period,

  • some of which are still with us today,

  • some of which are not.

  • This here is a representation of the Shakers,

  • which were a religious community of,

  • they embrace kind of simplicity.

  • They separated the sexes.

  • They practiced celibacy.

  • Just as kind of trying to make their daily lives more pure

  • and unfortunately, the celibacy part

  • meant that they more or less died out by the 1940s,

  • although there are a handful of Shakers

  • who are still alive today

  • and they were called the Shakers

  • because they would have these kind of

  • ecstatic religious experiences,

  • which you can see are kind of similar to

  • what happened in the camp meetings.

  • So even though they didn't have sex,

  • they would kind of get out their ecstasy

  • in this process of these big circle dances,

  • which people looked at and they said

  • they seemed like they were shaking,

  • so they were the Shakers.

  • On the other side of the spectrum,

  • there was the Oneida community,

  • which was led by a man named John Humphrey Noyes

  • and they preached the idea that

  • one should have no earthly attachments basically

  • and that meant also to a spouse,

  • so they believed in what was called complex marriage

  • or what we would really call free love.

  • There was no such thing as an individual marriage,

  • that women and men could have

  • sex with whomever they pleased.

  • It's interesting that approaches to sex

  • were very central to these religious movements.

  • Probably the most important religious movement

  • to come out of this time period

  • was the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints,

  • also known as the Mormons,

  • who were founded by Joseph Smith in Rochester, New York

  • and Smith had a vision that he was visited by an angel

  • who presented him with gold plates

  • and on these gold plates was a new Scripture

  • called The Book of Mormon

  • and Smith's followers really continued to be

  • devoted to the religion, even though

  • they faced a lot of persecution,

  • particularly over their early practice of polygamy

  • until they continued to move west

  • under the leadership of a second man, Brigham Young,

  • who took over after Smith was murdered

  • by an angry crowd in Illinois

  • who then led the Mormons to Utah

  • where they continue to be a major

  • religious group to this day.

  • Oh, and one other interesting thing

  • about this is the Oneida community.

  • Although, it itself did not survive,

  • one of the ways that they made money as a community

  • was by making silverware and so Oneida Silverware

  • is actually the descendant company

  • of this really interesting communal experiment

  • and they lasted, I believe, until 2006,

  • so if you ever had Oneida Silverware,

  • you were looking at an artifact

  • of a 19th century religious movement.

  • So the last and probably the most important part

  • of The Second Great Awakening that I wanna talk about

  • is its influence on reform movements.

  • So let me give myself a little bit more space to write here.

  • There are several 19th century reform movements

  • that are tied in to The Second Great Awakening.

  • One of these would be The Temperance Movement,

  • which hoped to reduce and or eliminate

  • people's consumption of alcohol

  • and you can kinda tie this back

  • to the idea of heaven on earth, right?

  • How can you have a stable family home,

  • how can you have a godly society

  • if everybody's drunk all the time?

  • But I would say the most important

  • reform movement associated with The Second Great Awakening

  • was the Abolitionist Movement

  • and remember that Harriet Beecher Stowe,

  • who wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin,

  • which was one of the greatest abolition or anti-slavery

  • advertisements in the world,

  • was the daughter of Lyman Beecher,

  • one of the greatest preachers of The Second Great Awakening

  • and so as people came to believe that

  • everyone's life was equally valuable,

  • they became more and more involved

  • in the idea that slavery should not exist,

  • that people who were enslaved had souls

  • that were just as worthy of salvation

  • as anyone who was already free

  • and so they also saw this as one of the perversions

  • of God's word and a perversion of the family,

  • which they saw as the central unit

  • of American democracy and Republicanism.

  • So slavery should not exist.

  • People who were really motivated by their faith in God

  • and their faith in trying to create

  • heaven on earth and a better society

  • campaigned really strenuously for the end of slavery

  • and ultimately, were successful.

  • So this is a really complex topic,

  • The Second Great Awakening.

  • If we look back at our web again,

  • we can see that this wave of religious revival

  • was connected in all sorts of interesting ways

  • to the economic and political changes of the time period

  • and in its way, led to all sorts of

  • different social changes,

  • so I think it's a good example of how

  • it's sometimes really hard to separate

  • things that happened in the past

  • into really neat boxes, right?

  • That, oh, there was politics.

  • There was religion.

  • There was culture.

  • There were economics, but in many ways,

  • they're all bound together in a larger culture,

  • within which everyday individuals navigated their lives

  • and it's also good to show us that

  • sometimes we don't exactly know

  • why things happened in the past.

  • We know that people got really interested

  • in religion in this time period,

  • but historians have differing ideas

  • about why that might have been.

  • Some say that it was a form of trying to control people

  • as it was more and more important to have

  • a dutiful workforce for a factory-based industrial society

  • and some people say that maybe,

  • it was just about demographic and political shifts

  • in who had power, who had money, and who got to vote,

  • but we do know that The Second Great Awakening

  • and these ideas of trying to improve America,

  • to improve the world, and to create heaven on earth

  • led to all sorts of interesting things

  • that are still with us today,

  • including religious movements and the end of slavery.

- [Instructor] Okay, so we've been talking about

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第二次大覚醒-3 (The Second Great Awakening -3)

  • 8 3
    Amy.Lin に公開 2021 年 01 月 14 日
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