Name: このパラドックスはあなたを殺すかもしれない (This Paradox Could Kill You)
Uploaded: 2021-01-14T07:05:44.000Z
Duration: 4 min 9 s
Description: VoiceTubeの動画で発音を聞きながら英語表現を覚えよう！学べる英語：

Okay, I have a hypothetical situation for
you – and you need to make a choice.

程度の副詞

You’ve just visited the doctor and she told
you you’re going to die unless you get treated

The blue pill would give you a 100% chance
of living another 12 years before dying, and

the red pill would give you an 89% chance
of living another 12 years, a 10% chance of

living another 18 years and a 1% chance of
sudden death.

Now remember your answer, and imagine a slightly
different scenario.

Your regular doctor is out that day so you
go to the slightly dodgier one next door,

The green pill gives you an 11% chance of
living 12 years before dying and an 89% chance

of sudden death, and the yellow pill gives
you a 10% chance of living a full 18 years

before dying, with a 90% chance of sudden
death.

Behavioural economists think we make decisions
based on something called expected utility

– it’s how much we expect that something
will satisfy our wants and needs.

If you like chocolate ice cream more than
vanilla, you’ll feel more satisfied if you

choose chocolate (in the animation both ice
creams have cherries on top (I’ll come back

So for you, chocolate ice cream has more expected
utility.

Studies show that in the previous question
most people choose the blue pill in the first

scenario, giving them a guarantee of living
another 12 years, and the yellow pill in the

second scenario, giving them a 10% chance
of living another 18 years, and a 90% chance

But what if instead we write the options out
like this:

Now the options have something in common.

In the first scenario, in both cases you have
an 89% chance of living 12 years, so if we

remove that, your decision shouldn’t change,
right?

Kind of like how removing a cherry from both
ice creams won’t change your favorite flavor.

In the second scenario, both options have
an 89% chance of death in common, so we should

be able to cancel those too without changing
your decision.

Hold on, now both scenarios are exactly the
same.

But studies showed that most people chose
the blue pill in the first scenario and the

yellow pill in the second one, which doesn’t
make sense.

Both the blue and green pills give you a higher
chance of living over the chance of a longer

life, and the red and yellow pills give you
a chance of a longer life but with the drawback

So for people who chose the blue and yellow
pills, what do they want?

A higher chance of living or a longer life?

This is called the Allais Paradox – it was
first outlined by Maurice Allais, a Nobel-Prize

The paradox undermines the theory of expected
utility because it shows that we don't always

make decisions that align with our wants and
needs.

We tend to make decisions based on how much
we think we have to gain or lose now, rather

And we also tend to choose certainty over
risk, even if the riskier option is closer

Psychologists who have studied the Allais
Paradox found that people dislike risk in

When questions are framed in terms of gains
or losses, people are far more likely to consider

the losses first and try to minimise them
– it’s a phenomenon called loss aversion.

It’s similar to regret theory, which says
that when we’re making decisions, some of

us try to minimise the amount of regret we
feel afterward.

And not everything is as simple as ice cream.