Placeholder Image

字幕表 動画を再生する

  • Life.. is all about survival and we never really know how long each of us have on this planet.

  • But our job as a species is to perceiver and

  • eliminate anything which may threaten our survival.

  • So what is the biggest threat you can think of? Pollution? Disease? Natural disasters?

  • Looking around the powers that be seemed to have identified some pretty nasty threats,

  • and so we have the war on terror, the war on crime, the war on drugs, the war on cancer...

  • but when do we ever think about our basic life supporting needs?

  • We usually don't have to because luckily for us we have a system, a system whereby

  • the cost of living can be earned. You can gain employment and work for money which of course

  • provides access to food, to water, to shelter and it's a good thing we have

  • this system because without money you're are as good as dead. But if you are without a job

  • no need to worry because yet again we have a system. If you're out of work,

  • for whatever reason, simply apply for government aid.

  • See all the people with jobs pay taxes and since the government understand that a certain

  • level of unemployment is to some degree to be expected, they simply dip in to some of

  • that tax money and hand it over to those without jobs through a magical process called redistribution.

  • But, it kind of makes you wonder. If this is our big solution, where's the threshold?

  • What level of unemployment can we really sustain? And what would happen if all these jobs suddenly

  • disappeared.

  • The world is facing an urgent challenge and needs to create, listen to this number, needs

  • to create six hundred million jobs in order to generate growth and maintain social cohesion.

  • Maveric Media Presents:

  • Defence giant BAE SYSTEMS has confirmed its cutting almost three thousand jobs at sites

  • across the country. Tata Steel which employs nineteen thousand

  • people in its UK steel business has announced it is cutting nine hundred jobs around the

  • UK Another blow to the region's economy today

  • as the energy giant EON has announced that six hundred jobs are to go at a call centre

  • in Essox The Phyzer facility in Kent, the world's

  • biggest drugs company runs the UKs largest foreign owned research and developments facility.

  • It will close entirely with the loss of most of two thousand four hundred jobs.

  • Ford has announced to trade union representatives that it will cease manufacturing cars in the

  • UK after more than one hundred years. Japans Honda is to cut around eight hundred

  • jobs at its plant near Swindon in south-west England.

  • And we start tonight with news at the BBC has announced cuts and job losses across the

  • region as part of a plan to make twenty percent savings

  • Hundreds of police jobs have already been slashed with thousands more under threat

  • Kodak the firm that invented the handheld camera and remains one of Americas best known

  • brands has filed for bankruptcy protection. Rangers football club one of the most famous

  • in Britain has announced its gone into administration. More than three hundred of the eight hundred

  • stores that Woolworths use to occupy are still standing empty more than a year and a half

  • after it collapsed at the end of 2008. More retailers are expected to go bust over

  • the next few months. All one hundred and eighty seven outlets are

  • to be shut with the loss of almost fourteen hundred jobs, the administrator said that

  • it is apparent we cannot continue to trade. It was once Britain's biggest sports retailer

  • but today JJB SPORTS announced plans to go into administration.

  • Six and a half thousand jobs are at risk after electrical retailer Comet announced it's

  • going into administration. More than four thousand jobs at risk after

  • HMV announced that it was going into administration, it follows other chains.

  • Its Blockbuster, its become the latest casualty on the high-street this week, a quarter of

  • its stores are going to close, more than seven hundred people are going to be made redundant.

  • There's serious doubts now about the future of around six thousand jobs around the UK

  • after the company asked for its shares to be suspended last Wednesday.

  • Former LaSenza employees have come to the decision to occupy the store as a direct consequence

  • of the actions of management. A buyer hasn't been found with the group

  • currently employs a total of nearly four thousand staff.

  • Taiwan's IT giant FOXCONN announced its plans to replace up to half a million human

  • workers with robots in the next three years. It's called "scan as you shop" customers

  • love it. It's a very simple system. Each load is almost three hundred tons, but

  • look closely. There's no one behind the wheel.

  • The facility boasts the first robotics system in the UK to deliver supplies such as linen

  • and food and an automated robotic pharmacy.

  • A Sam Vallely FILM

  • Will work for food

  • Will work for free

  • This isn't the first time unemployment has been a threat to this system.

  • 20 years ago, UK unemployment accounted for 10% of the population. It marked one of the

  • worst recessions in our history with significant waves of rioting. However in ninety three,

  • unemployment took a turn, somehow the jobs came back and things got better.

  • This growth in employment is just what we needed, however it only lasted till two thousand

  • one. Then the rates stagnated, the increased. By two thousand nine we were back to around

  • eight percent. But it's reassuring to see the recent trends of unemployment have slowed

  • since then. Or at least it would be reassuring, if it weren't for this. This chart shows

  • the trends of part time versus full time employment. Notice how the increase in part time employment

  • runs almost parallel to the decrease of full time employment. So, where one person may

  • have been working say, a 40 hours week contract... now, two people would each be contracted 20

  • hour, and funnily enough, this cross over section occurred in two thousand nine. So

  • because technically more people are employed, the rates falsely imply a slight slowing down

  • of job loss, but in reality, the amount of avalible work is shrinking and the economy

  • is only getting worse. Sso what happened last time we were in this

  • mess going? let's go back to 93, what changed? Was it an orderly street protest which brought

  • back the jobs? Perhaps it was some well thought out policy

  • from parliament that changed things. Maybe everyone just stopped being lazy and

  • simultaneously arrived at the decision to go out there and get a job. But maybe it has

  • something to do with technology. In 93 Microsoft realised their Windows NT

  • operating system, Intel developed the first Pentium processor and the National Centre

  • for Supercomputing Applications released version 1 of "Mosaic" which was to be world's

  • first internet web browser. It is estimated the Internet grew throughout the 90's at

  • a rate of 100% per year. Subsequently improving global communication and creating many jobs

  • within developed countries. Now to remove any speculation as to whether or not this

  • was the reason for the growth in jobs, it should be noted that throughout the nineties,

  • our employment trends were almost identical to the U.S. trends and in a 2007 paper, a

  • team of Harvard economists found "the economic expansion of the nineties was in fact driven

  • by the increased efficiency in the production of IT, including computing, software and telecommunication.

  • The birth of the internet had propelled us in to a new age and saved us from further

  • degradation. However, while emerging technology is responsible for having created many new

  • jobs, technology has been known to replace jobs throughout history.

  • When employment stagnated in two thousand one, this wasn't because technology had

  • stopped expanding or that there weren't any new ideas, the stagnation is simply because

  • technology is ever improving, and the numbers of new jobs were being matched by the number

  • of job losses.

  • Economists will always deny that technology replaces jobs. It's called the Lump of labour

  • fallacy. Essentially it's the notion that technology merely redistributes human workers,

  • the jobs which become obsolete or automated simply allow humans to explore new sectors,

  • perhaps even invent new industries which have yet to be conceived of. Well, while this idea

  • may have been partially true in the past, the argument simply doesn't hold up anymore.

  • Computers these days are much smaller, faster and durable, with ever increasing mobility,

  • dexterity and artificial intelligence. They also become cheaper as time goes on. Moore's

  • law demonstrates how computer processing power doubles approximately every eighteen months.

  • So even if we were to create new jobs... why are we pretending we would give these jobs

  • to humans?

  • So what does the government have to say about all this? Well In June of 2011 not knowing

  • what to do with the increasing unemployment, they invested £5B in the welfare to work

  • scheme, also known as the work program. This five year program promises to help 2.4 million

  • people, find and secure long term employment by paying private companies to do the work

  • of actually looking for jobs on behalf of their unemployed clients.

  • One year later the department for work and pensions released the figures. Turns out the

  • work program was a complete failure... only 3.4% of all those who signed up to the program

  • actually found work. 3.4%! Let's just put that into context. What percentage of people

  • looking for work, gained employment without the help of the program? 1%? 2%? Well the

  • figures from the same period showed 5.5%... That's right; if you are assigned to a program

  • you are statistically less likely to find a job. Now, the failure of the work program

  • can be largely attributed to the lack of available jobs, but perhaps there's another factor,

  • in joining the program, if you find a job, you forfeit your right to minimum wage employment

  • and in place you are subsidised with an amount equivalent to job seekers allowance. Making

  • the work program essentially a paid slavery scheme, excused under the guise of gaining

  • experience. In late 2012, university graduate Cait Reilly disputed the legality of the program

  • after being assigned to stacking shelves in Poundland. Initially the appeal was rejected;

  • however after further appeal by 2013 three judges had ruled "the regulations, under

  • which most of the back-to-work schemes were created, are unlawful"

  • Whatever the government's response to this ruling will be, they will not stop in their

  • efforts to resolve the threat of unemployment, but let's face it. Unemployment is not a

  • threat to this system for the reasons we are usually given by mainstream outlets. Forget

  • all the noise about the recession, benefit cheats, immigration or this idea that people

  • are simply too lazy to look for a job.

  • Atomisation, thus technological unemployment is a mathematical inevitability of a system

  • based on perpetual growth. And this pending eventuality is vastly misunderstood by the

  • majority. And not just the majority of voters, there isn't a single politician who acknowledges

  • let alone understands the implications of technological unemployment. And what's worse,

  • when human beings don't understand something, that's where fear comes from. We fear what

  • we don't understand, and we fight what we don't understand.

  • Ok I have a very concrete question for you because you're getting wrapped up in this

  • money and regulators and who is at fault. Technological automation is replacing jobs

  • at the moment and it has been forever, it's doubling every year, that's the rate regardless

  • of what financial system you have and what regulators you put in their place. So, without

  • jobs as a basis for the economy, it's not really a question more of a statement, your

  • system is going to be obsolete and in fact your very lucky that you've been working

  • this long because you get to get out at the last floor, its going away.

  • Yeah but on the other side of the coin I fear for my children. Absolutely, absolutely so

  • why are you a fan of the banks then?

  • Retail High-street

  • In recent times high street shops have been disappearing at staggering rates, taking thousands

  • of jobs with them. 1998 - 2009 First Quench Retailing

  • 1909 - 2009 Woolworths 1973 - 2011 Hawkin's Bazaar

  • 1999 - 2011 D2 Jeans 1990 - 2011 Officers Club

  • 1987 - 2011 Focus DIY 1931 - 2012 Blacks

  • 1990 - 2012 La Senza 2008 - 2012 Best Buy Europe

  • 1968 - 2012 Clinton Cards 1903 - 2012 Barratts

  • 1993 - 2012 Gamestation 1933 - 2012 Comet

  • 1991 - 2012 Optical Express 1971 - 2012 JJB Sports

  • 1963 - 2012 Oddbins 1992 - 2012 Game Group

  • 1921 - 2012 HMV 1935 - 2013 Jessops

  • 1934 - 2013 Ethel Austin 1985 - 2013 Blockbuster and more.

  • Now, it's obvious some of these stores have not disappeared entirely. Many have moved

  • into warehouse distribution and their stores still exist in the form of websites; you may

  • also be wondering why I have included companies like Game in this list, since there are in

  • fact GAME stores on the high street today. Well I do so to make a point, see in 2012

  • when GAME went bust, the Swedish "Nordic Games" acquiesced the GAME Group, they acquired the

  • brand as well as the companies stores and employee contracts. But this is actually a

  • different company altogether. GAME wasn't resurrected through strategical advertising,

  • market booms or stern administrative decisions. The company we all knew as "GAME" went

  • bust... It lost. But GAME still had brand status. If it didn't, these shops fronts

  • would read "Nordic Games".

  • So why is there so much failure in retail? Are we merely witnessing the natural boom

  • and bust cycles of free market economics? Or are we actually witnessing a retail transition?

  • Looking back, our high streets were consisted of small family owned businesses, but the

  • more companies grows, mergers and acquisitions become inevitable and the smaller stores get

  • phased out as they struggle to compete for market share, eventually being replaced by

  • conglomerates. In much the same way, a natural evolution

  • of retail is occurring again. Only this time the shops are being phased out and the replacement

  • is coming in the form of websites. And software applications, which are conveniently accessible

  • with smart phones, are subsequently reduce our dependency on outlets such as high-street

  • banks, betting shops and travel agencies. You've probably already witnessed technological

  • unemployment on some level. For camera and film orientated shops like Jessops, it's

  • not so hard to understand. Barely anyone with a modern phone is going to buy a disposable

  • camera and pay money to have film developed; and there probably aren't too many people

  • with 8-megapixle camera phones who also require digital cameras. Due to advancing technology

  • these stores had suddenly become "specialist stores" their customers now having to mainly

  • consist of serious photographers.

  • Entertainment For music, video and games stores, there are

  • five main threats here. One -- Supermarkets, supermarkets are selling

  • a lot of the same products and most of the time cheaper.

  • Two - On-line Stores like Amazon, they also offer good deals with the added comfort twenty

  • four hour browsing and of course, item delivery. Three - Pawn shops like cash converters, they

  • get away with selling entertainment at a second hand rate making them even cheaper than the

  • supermarkets. Four -- On-line digital downloads and streaming,

  • with apps like iTunes and Netflix conveniently accessible through smart TV's, gaming consoles,

  • PC, and most phone and tablet devices. But let's not forget about five. Good old fashion

  • piracy. With the advancements of fibre optic broadband, you can now download entire movies

  • in a matter of minutes. Not that I'm suggesting you do that of course. That would be illegal.

  • I'm just saying it's easier and faster than going to the shops, waiting on the post

  • man or signing in the Netflix account on the PS3. As an aside, if any part of you is enraged

  • at the thought of all these immoral people illegally sharing media. Why not aim some

  • of that authentic aggression at the idea of a society which distributes digital entertainment

  • in physical form. The wastefulness of this would be equivalent to having a unique physical

  • address in order to access each and every website in existence. But perhaps you li the

  • plastic cases... and what's wrong with the plastic cases? Well, the case itself is made

  • from polypropylene, while the clear film sleeve is made from polyester. By bonding these different

  • plastic materials together, it makes them almost impossible to properly recycle on large

  • scale, so when the plastic rips, breaks or even just gets old and wasted.. They have

  • to be either buried in landfills or incinerated which of course produces toxic chemicals.

  • and this is the system we support by the way we choose to purchase entertainment, despite

  • having had the possibility of digital alternatives for over a decade.

  • Asking people to shop in these stores is asking us to live in an unnatural counter progressive

  • way. So perhaps the failure of these stores is

  • a good thing. But good or bad, a digital acquisition is upon us and the failures of these stores

  • are simply a matter of time. And yes, even if they sell their brand status, they are

  • failing. Nordic GAME won't be too far behind either.

  • But what about book stores like Waterstones? Well the increase of tablets and e-book readers

  • certainly poses a threat. However I can imagine the feel of a book, which people are oh so

  • nostalgic about, will be used as a "justification" argument for the continued stifling of a successful

  • digital transition. But, even without a digital alternative, Waterstone's in particular

  • is facing the same threat of on-line distribution as well as competition from supermarkets.

  • As are almost all product based stores - products to do with body care, cosmetics, clothing,

  • mobile phones, electronic appliances and even musical equipment. However there is an argument

  • to be made that physical stores are different, perhaps better than a website or a supermarket,

  • in that they provide "knowledgeable staff". Perhaps you're not sure what product is

  • best for you. In these shops, you can interact with friendly sales people who are qualified

  • to offer advice and help you make the right decision. Well, while it is true that retail

  • employees are trained to help customers and they are required to have a certain level

  • of knowledge about the product. They also have something which no one really questions.

  • Sales targets, either the staff or the store itself will have target requirements. If i

  • wandered into a phone shop unsure of what to buy and make the mistake of telling the

  • sales person that I'm not too familiar with the differences I leave myself open to a product

  • sale bias, in this scenario the store has no problems selling the "best" products.

  • So instead I might be presented with an inferior product which the store is struggling to offload,

  • the sales person's job here becomes distorted, and I the customer will most likely be subjected

  • to an eager sales pitch as opposed to honest insight.

  • You are going to get whats ever in this box for £24.99 Oh No! NO! He's put three bottles

  • of "sex in the City" for twenty six pounds ninety nine! At thirty six quid each! You

  • need to buy... Boys please! Please!

  • No! NO! No! NO! You need to buy now.

  • In our current system, money is the driving force and as such the advice and intent to

  • help a consumer make the right decision, is only a conditionality when required. But the

  • main priority is always profit. I know this is designed for kids, we've...

  • I've had some fun with this thing. This is amazing, whats so great about this

  • is kids love tablets, they love playing with tablets, they love the games, the love the

  • educational games but mom and dad want them to be safe, they want them they want to do,

  • ya know everything on, but ya know... its...mmmm You ok? Ok...

  • What it does is it gives us an opportunity for us to be able to offer a piece of electronic

  • equipment that is simple for children to operate but also, mom and dad can operate it as well.

  • At £149.94 the secret of it is that it has all the technology that mom and dad's tablet

  • has, it's got the android operating system 4.0, it's got all.

  • Now, had we instead used the internet as a guide, either through social media or public

  • forums, we would obtain better and more accurate advice. The usefulness of these "sales people"

  • which we have all grown accustomed to, pale in comparison to the advice found on-line...

  • The rating systems found on public forums are in fact designed to weed out any bad or

  • incorrect information and without it we are all vulnerable to the biases, lies and manipulation

  • of self-righteous profit seekers.

  • But perhaps there's another element to the physical shopping experience that I'm missing?

  • What about the clothing shops? I have to admit even I thought they wouldn't be as affected

  • by on-line alternatives for the simple fact that most people like to try before they buy.

  • Who buys clothes without trying them on first? Well, I mean... I do but maybe that's because

  • I'm a guy... When i buy a t-shirt i look for the ones with the big "L" and they

  • never let me down... Maybe being male i don't have to account for boob size when evaluating

  • comfort. But surly women don't prefer buying on-line without getting to try the clothes

  • on first? Well, surprisingly when women's clothing store "Internacionale" launched their

  • on-line store in 2012. They took in more profit in that one day from the website than all

  • their retail outlets combined. That surprised me. Clothing doesn't seem to have any intrinsic

  • immunity to the threat of on-line alternatives.

  • Taking a look at retail outside of on-line threats, perhaps there is also something to

  • be said about specialist shops in times of recession, shops which specialise in ties

  • for instance or underwear, shoes, jeans, suits, exercise clothing and outdoor clothing. If

  • we had a store dedicated to just socks. would that work? Maybe in these hard times it's

  • not surprising why all-in-one stores like Primark seem to be staying afloat. You want

  • a shirt? Primark. You want a dress? Primark. shoes, costume jewellery, candles, cushions,

  • towels....even a mankini!? And the comfort of finding everything under one roof also

  • stretches out to supermarkets. And speaking of supermarkets, what happened when they began

  • to implement self-service tills? In this Tesco's the nine items or less section has been completely

  • replaced with self-scanning. So now, only one job is required to assist those unfamiliar

  • with the process or those trying to purchase items which require age verification. When

  • this technology extends to the larger conveyor belt sections as it has been in pockets. or

  • more importantly, when high street stores like Primark adopt self-serving systems, Retail

  • will undergo yet another transitionary phase resulting in thousands of redundancies and

  • these job losses will not be temporary, for once this process is in place there is no

  • reasonable argument to go back to having lines of paid humans who are in fact now more expensive

  • in the long run... and this new self-service revolution doesn't end there...

  • Vending

  • General convenience stores are now entirely replaceable with vending machine kiosks.

  • A company called "Shop 24" has over 190 locations in Europe and they have already

  • begun UK implementation, and as the name suggests, these vending stores are open all hours, giving

  • them an even greater advantage over conventional human required methods. Vending machine stores

  • will also start to crop up in the form of sweet shops and "on-the-go" cuisine, offering

  • hot drinks, soft drinks, desserts, chips, noodles, hot dogs and even pizza. Complete

  • vending machine integration of cafés and lunch bars are on the horizon, as well as

  • local pubs consisting of alcohol, cigarette and "pub food" vending. The only human

  • required job here would be a moderator/bouncer hybrid, ensuring no one under the legal drinking

  • age gains access. But even the need for human age verification is threatened by technology.

  • Today we have the "iSample", a vending machine developed by Intel & Krafts with built

  • in optical sensors it is capable of reading the face and determining gender and age, all

  • within a fraction of a second.

  • Pawn Shops Earlier I mentioned pawn shops such as Cash

  • Converters and it's interesting to know how these shops actually tend to profit in

  • times of economic recession, for the more we struggle to get by, the more likely we

  • are to entertain leasing our goods at interest, despite the risk of losing them if we fail

  • to buy them back within a certain time constraint. However there are items which we would pawn

  • with no intention of buying back and I guess for that area of sales more and more people

  • are now turning to eBay.

  • But how about charity shops? I believe they have longevity as they provide a unique service.

  • If you have old clothes or trinkets which you no longer need, but don't feel they

  • are valuable enough for the likes of eBay, charity shop donations are a morally viable

  • way of discarding items no longer needed. And this product "recycling" process is

  • far less wasteful than taking your old things to the skip. However, we are focusing on the

  • relevance of a job loss and its effects on the economy. Since most charity shops are

  • run by volunteers and their profits are in some part donated to charity, I fail to see

  • their economic relevance here.

  • Throughout the high street the only shops which seem to have immunity are the ones which

  • require actual human performed services, such as tattooing or hair dressing. But just for

  • fun, let's see if tattoo artists really are impervious to automation. In 2012, a guy

  • named Chris Eckert developed the Auto Ink tattoo machine. Now, for demonstration purposes

  • it uses a ball point pen instead of a needle, however the implication of this machines potential

  • is obvious. If it were ever to take off pre-programmed designs could eliminate the need for any human

  • involvement in the tattooing process.

  • Earlier I highlighted the fact that a lot of high street stores now occupy warehouses

  • and sell their products on-line. This may lead some of you to assume that the economy

  • will at least be helped in some part with all these new warehouse jobs. Well it seems

  • even these jobs are under attack, for example, Amazon is the world's largest online retailer

  • and currently has twelve fulfilment centres across the UK. But in May of 2012 Amazon purchased

  • the American "Kiva Systems" for seven hundred and seventy five million dollars.

  • What is Kiva? Kiva is an autonomous robot which uses optical sensors to navigate through

  • a warehouse. It reads inventory items as bits of digital information which is then organised

  • through complex algorithms in much the same way that Google organizes web pages. They

  • can pick, pack, and ship anything sold online faster and for a lot less money than a human.

  • These efficiencies allow Kiva to gather goods within minutes of an order, allowing the remaining

  • human workers to ship up to four times more packages in an hour. Similarly, the Spanish

  • "Bonnysa" Group have incorporated two automised facilities. The first stores products

  • directly as they are unloaded from delivery vehicles, guaranteeing complete control and

  • traceability of goods, and in the second, once products have been calibrated and classified,

  • they are placed on double depth shelving which allows for twice the storage capacity without

  • having to increase the amount of stacker cranes used. Since Bonnysa switched to using the

  • high-speed automised facilities they have eliminated the need for human operator intervention

  • and have increased their product control and warehouse security to the extent that output

  • is now five times the amount of a conventional warehouse.

  • Manufacturing According to the Organisation for Economic

  • Co-operation and Development the manufacturing sector's share of both employment and GDP

  • has gradually declined since the sixty's, although manufacturing output in terms of

  • both production and value has steadily increased since 1945. The reason of course is technology,

  • and looking at the production of an automobile it's easy to see why we prefer using machines.

  • If these trends continue it is not far-fetched to think most if not all factory workers will

  • eventually be replaced by machines. Now, there's three main reasons as to why factory automation

  • has yet to be fully integrated across the board.

  • One: Vulnerability: An automated system usually has to be pre-programed for each specific

  • task which makes them susceptible to committing errors outside of their immediate scope of

  • knowledge. This makes them typically unable to apply simple rules of logic to general

  • propositions. However, machines today have far more mobility and dexterity than ever

  • imagined and instead of having to be preprogramed for each motion, machines are gradually gaining

  • autonomy, being able to detect objects and predict movement. The second reason is due

  • to unpredictable, excessive developmental costs. The research and development cost of

  • automating a specific task, can often exceed the cost saved by the automation itself. The

  • third reason also has to do with affordability, high initial costs. Automating a new product

  • requires an initial investment which is usually quite expensive when compared with the unit

  • cost of the product, even though the cost of automation may be spread among many products

  • over time. The decision to automate is therefore reserved for products which have proven to

  • be profitable and unlikely to change, as any alterations could require the re-programing

  • of machines. These three problems have been an issue since

  • factory automation began, but as time goes on, the machines improve and the cost of automating

  • declines. For simple assembly line tasks, it's certainly been cheaper to have human

  • workers. However, in mid-2012, an American company called "Rethink Robotics" launched

  • the Baxter robot. Baxter is a revolution in assembly line manufacturing as it can be programed

  • to perform a multitude of tasks and the best part is you don't even have to be a programmer.

  • Simply grab his arms, guide him through the motions of the required task and then leave

  • him to get on with it. If another task is required later on, simply grab his arms again

  • and re-program the motions. Baxter is currently on the market for around fourteen thousand

  • pounds which is an extremely affordable initial investment cost and taking into account the

  • average life span it works for less than three pounds an hour, twenty four hours a day, seven

  • days a week and doesn't require tea breaks. This robot is set to revolutionise the entire

  • manufacturing industry.

  • Application Aside from factory jobs being replaced by

  • machines, there are many products today which are quickly becoming altogether irrelevant.

  • For those of us with smart phones and tablets, the following examples may appear too obvious

  • to require a detailed analysis. But for those of you who have yet to acknowledge this trend,

  • let's take a look at the implied future of the smart phone "App". Currently Apps

  • are in the process of killing a vast range of physical products. Most obviously, paper

  • products; novels, comic books, cook books, puzzle books, phone books & yellow pages,

  • dictionaries, encyclopaedias, magazines, newspapers, shopping catalogues, road maps, photo albums,

  • calendars, diaries and of course, many products associated with stationary. Then there are

  • electrical products such as calculators, radios, alarm clocks, camcorders, voice recorders,

  • remote controls, karaoke machines, guitar tuners, amplifiers and effects peddles, GPS

  • navigation, video game cartridges and even board games are having their physical necessity

  • challenged by software.

  • Personal Computer Now what about desktop computers? Most people

  • only really use their PC's for surfing the web, socialising, listening to music and watching

  • videos. All of which can now be done on those same smart phones and tablets. PC's, while

  • not disappearing entirely, will decline in numbers because of this, effecting many jobs

  • associated with producing not only the computers themselves, but think of all those peripheral

  • devices associated with them, the keyboard, mouse and webcam. As well as hardware components

  • such as ram chips and graphics cards. Now, this might seem overly pessimistic. However

  • a survey by the International Data Corporation showed tablets to account for a third of all

  • computing sales in 2012 and even Microsoft are acknowledging the inevitable outcome,

  • and with the advent of 4G wireless networking which allows for high speed internet on our

  • mobile devices, we can now use applications like Skype and Face time to make phone calls

  • to and from anywhere in the world for free, the implication being the demise of traditional

  • land line phones and mobile tariffs. British Telecom has been preparing for this and have

  • already launched their cloud network. Now, digital alternatives may not yet be adopted

  • by the majority, perhaps mostly because of nostalgia rather than efficiency. But the

  • children of the future are not going to care about the toys of the past.

  • Media Products & Appliances VHS, CD and DVD players as well as free-view,

  • sky and virgin media boxes are all facing redundancy by the advancements of the smart

  • TV. Why? Because smart TV's stream content from the internet, making it possible for

  • Sky and virgin media to exist entirely in app form. So what of all those lavish book,

  • CD and DVD collections which most of us equate to our status and identity? These erroneous

  • collections are no longer optimal as we now have digital media libraries, with the likes

  • of iTunes and iBooks. And when digital libraries are rehomed to our TV's as well as our phones

  • and tablets. Just as VHS collections were phased out by the improved format of the DVD,

  • our current wasteful, vanity orientated physical media collections will be phased out and replaced

  • with non-physical digital formats, alongside their required physical media players. In

  • fact, in January of 2013, tech giant "Philips" gave in and sold their home entertainment

  • appliances division and now only producing coffee machines, juicer's, toasters and

  • electric razors.

  • The rise of high speed fibre optic broadband will also extend the extinction of irrelevant

  • peripherals to Blu-ray players and video game consoles. That's right, even video games

  • will be played via internet streaming. Sound far-fetched? Well Sony entertainment doesn't

  • think so. In July of 2012 they spent $380 million purchasing the cloud-based video game

  • streaming network "Gaika". Even Xbox co-founder Nat Brown has expressed his concerns over

  • the implications of Apple entering the games industry, acknowledging the potential of their

  • already established infrastructure to easily replace the Xbox, Playstation and Nintendo

  • consoles.

  • 3D-Printing Now, obviously there are many physical products

  • on the market which aren't threatened by digital downloading.

  • However in October of 2012, the city of London was host to the world's first-ever consumer

  • 3D print show, displaying how 3D printing can allow consumers to download and print

  • a vast range of products as and when they need them. This is not merely a glimpse into

  • a hypothetical future; 3D printers can already build products from a range of materials including

  • plastic, chocolate, glass, concrete and even metal. So what products could be printed?

  • Well, just about any basic household items from plates, bowls, mugs, bottles, cutlery,

  • tupperware, lamp shades, photo frames, furniture, musical instruments, figurines, even a wrench

  • printed with fully moving parts. So you may be wondering just how far in the future 3D

  • printing is, and how expensive these things are going to be? Well let's look at the

  • Rep-Rap project. Rep-Rap is a self-replicating 3D printer. Meaning it can print most of its

  • own parts, so if you have one, you can make another one. And the great thing about rep-rap

  • is that it is open source, meaning its design is not owned or constrained by copy write.

  • It's completely free for anyone to use and improve. Today, 3D printers can be purchased

  • from open source groups like reprap and fab@home, or commercially through pp3dp.com & cubify.

  • Perhaps you don't have the room for a home 3D printer? Well there is the option of ordering

  • 3D printed products online through services such as shapeways, sculpteo and i.materialise.

  • Companies can also employ the mass producing of 3D printed products through organizations

  • such as Thingiverse and kraftwurx.

  • The world of 3D printing is huge and it's here today. And just like every other technological

  • advancement - as time goes on these things will become more and more affordable. And

  • every company which currently produces all those house hold items will simply become

  • financially unsustainable. Pay It Forward

  • A group called PIF3D aim to exploit the replicating ability of RepRap by taking the machine to

  • universities and hosting twenty-four hour 3D printing parties, where they give people

  • the skills to build one of these things. The objective being that those people can "Pay

  • it forward". Once they have built two or three RepRap printers, they repeat the process

  • of taking it to schools and showing others how to make their own, and the process repeats.

  • The idea of paying it forward could easily spread like wildfire. Meaning just about everyone

  • in the world could own a 3D printer for next to nothing. Now, as 3D-Printers become more

  • mainstream, there will most likely be attempts to patent certain design elements and sell

  • each downloadable product commercially. However once a product is on a CAD file, there's

  • no real reason 3D designs would be immune to internet piracy.

  • Transport

  • Around 2.5% of the UK population have jobs which require a driving licence.

  • The first autonomous driverless vehicle was developed by, Sebastian Thrun director of

  • the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory and co-inventor of Google Street View. In

  • 2005 the Google car won the DARPA Grand Challenge and since then, Google have been developing

  • a commercial system. However progress has been held back due to

  • legal liabilities, for example if there was an accident, who would be at fault? The car

  • owner? the manufacturer? What if the accident was a result of a lost signal? Would the internet

  • providers be accountable? Filtering through legislation is a lengthy process, but they've

  • come a long way. In August 2012, the Google team announced

  • that they have completed over 300,000 miles of autonomous-driving, all without a single

  • accident. Nevada, Florida and California all passed laws allowing driverless cars.

  • Although it's hard to invasion a timeline, the remaining united states and the UK will

  • eventually pass similar legislations, and driverless cars will explode on to the market.

  • As well as the American based Google car which most of us are probably aware of, there is

  • also a German creation from "autonomous labs" at the Free University of Berlin.

  • The project has already been given approval to run a driverless taxi services throughout

  • Berlin and Brandenburg. For those of you who feel hesitant about assigning

  • the control of your vehicle to a machine, know that the kiva systems mentioned earlier

  • have essentially the same autonomy, and they too have yet to witness a single accident.

  • Compare that with the UK's current yearly rates of 3,000 motor vehicle incidents resulting

  • in fatalities, 35,000 resulting serious accidents and a total 276,000 severities. Clearly it

  • would be societally irresponsible to maintain human drivers while the safer option is available.

  • And in making a safer society all jobs associated with public transport and delivery of goods,

  • could be achieved without human involvement.

  • Agriculture Dairy

  • GEA farm technologies' provides technological solutions to livestock farming, including

  • the development of a fully automatic milking system for dairy farms. Dairy cows are guided

  • into these Mi1 milking units, the cows electronic tag is identified and their pre-allocated

  • amount of food is dispensed. A 3D camera scans and identifies the udders, then attaches to

  • the t-cups. It washes dries and pre-milks the cows. This amazing technology reduces

  • labour, increases milk production, lowers stress of both the cows and farmers, and electric

  • tagging allows for the ability to manage cows individually. So when is this technology being

  • implemented? Well looking at the UK alone, it's actually already been in use since

  • 2011.

  • Precision Farming EGNOS Precision Farming is a system which

  • uses GPS guidance technology for crop cultivation. The auto track technology sends signals to

  • the tractors steering system via a GPS receiver. The resulting navigation is so precise that

  • Farmers can actually treat soil and crops in a site specific manner and ensure optimum

  • chemical doses are applied to the right places. The system has been shown to cut costs on

  • fertilisation and fuel, reducing the environmental impact, and because the tractors steer themselves

  • it also reduces operator fatigue. As you've probably already guessed, it is only a matter

  • of time before these tractors are also equipped with autonomous driving technology, spelling

  • the end of this particular human required task and allowing for the full automation

  • of crop cultivation.

  • Vertical farming But why limit crop cultivation to fields?

  • In 1999 a professor of environmental health sciences at Columbia University in New York,

  • Dickson Despommier challenged his students to feed the entire population of Manhattan

  • using 13 acres of usable rooftop gardens. The class calculated that only 2% of all the

  • people could be fed using this method. Unsatisfied with the results, Despommier made an off-the-cuff

  • suggestion of growing plants indoors and vertically. The idea sparked interests and by 2001 the

  • first outline of a vertical farm was introduced. Today scientists, architects, and investors worldwide are working together to

  • make the concept of vertical farming a reality. Unlike, traditional agriculture, a controlled

  • indoor environment is not susceptible to crop loss from severe weather conditions nor is

  • it limited by seasonal crop production.

  • Using the method of hydroponics which doesn't require soil, water is preserved in a closed

  • loop system, eliminating the concern of agricultural runoff, and since it is continually recycled,

  • the total water usage is 70% less than current requirements. Without soil this system is

  • immune to pesticides, meaning we could also do away with having to spray agrochemicals

  • on our food.

  • For those of you sceptical about the limitations of hydroponic farming, here is a list of already

  • commercially available products from hydroponically produced plants.

  • Health Care Cardiology

  • Up next it sounds like science fiction but Dr Nancy Snyderman reports on how your smart

  • phone may change medicine including warning you of a heart attack. By modifying an iPhone

  • with this ECG attachment and using the AliveECG app, your heart rate, temperature, oxygen

  • and fluid levels can all be recorded with the results directly upload able to your Cardiologist.

  • Blood, saliva, urine and even sweat can all be tested with this device. Combined with

  • a wireless ultrasound, full physical check-ups can be carried out remotely from anywhere

  • in the world. There's twenty million, over twenty million

  • echocardiograms done a year. That's twenty million times eight hundred dollars that's

  • a lot of money. Probably seventy to eighty percent we can get rid of, just by having

  • this part of the physical exam.

  • Medicine As for prescription medicine, perhaps the

  • biggest threat is not with technology but rather in the curing of illnesses. Fifteen

  • year veteran of the pharmaceutical industry Gwen Olsen, stated "the pharmaceutical industry

  • is in the business of disease maintenance and symptoms management, The are not in the

  • business of curing cancer, Alzheimer's or heart disease, because if they were, they

  • would be in the business of putting themselves out of business."

  • For those of you who doubt the medical establishment would knowingly put profitability ahead of

  • actually helping people, you need look for no further evidence than a 2002 UK clinical

  • trial which found most anti-depressants to be as effective as sugar pills, giving the

  • effects of a working drug through nothing more than a placebo.

  • It's not hard to see why the medical industry would chose to promote the constant reselling

  • of pharmaceuticals. If for example a cure for cancer was discovered and adopted by the

  • mainstream, it would cause considerable losses in profits generated through radiotherapy,

  • chemotherapy, hormone therapy, gene therapy and Immunotherapy. Not to mention the surgical

  • costs of removing tumours. So, what does it mean for their industry when a fifteen year

  • old boy from Maryland, discovers a new way of detecting cancer? Which studies have shown

  • to be potentially 99% accurate, 168 times faster and 26,000 times cheaper than our current

  • methods? Make no mistake, this amazing achievement, will be seen by the cancer profiteers as a

  • blow to the industry. But regardless of their somewhat corrupt profit driven mentality,

  • technology moves on and even when pharmaceuticals are the only option. Technology is yet again

  • providing solutions. Organic Chemists make molecules very complicated

  • molecules by chopping up a big molecule into smaller molecules and doing reverse engineering.

  • As a chemist one of the things I wanted to ask my research group a couple of years ago

  • is, could we make a really cool universal chemistry set? In essence could we "App"

  • chemistry? Well to start to do this we took a 3D printer

  • and we started to print our beakers and our test tubes on one side and then print the

  • molecule at the same time on the other side and combine them together in what we call

  • "Reaction ware" and so by printing the vessel and doing the chemistry at the same

  • time we may start to access this universal toolkit of chemistry. Now what could this

  • mean? Well if we can bed biological and chemical networks like a search engine, so if you have

  • a cell that's ill that you need to cure or bacteria you want to kill, if you have

  • this embedded in your device at the same time and you do the chemistry, you make be able

  • to make drugs in a new way. So how are we doing this in the lab? Well

  • it requires software, it requires hardware, and it requires chemical inks, and so the

  • really cool bit is the idea to have a universal set of inks which we put out with the printer

  • and you download the blue print, the organic chemistry for that molecule and you make it

  • in the device. So you can make your molecule in the printer using this software. So what

  • could this mean? You don't have to go to the chemist anymore. We can print drugs at

  • point of need. We can download new diagnostics, say a new superbug has emerged; you put it

  • in your search engine and you create the drug to treat the threat. So this allows you on

  • the fly molecular assembly but perhaps for me the cool bit going in to the future is

  • this idea of taking your own stem cells with your genes and your environment and you print

  • your own personal medicine. And if that doesn't seem fanciful enough where do u think we're

  • goanna go? Ur goanna have your own personal matter fabricator.

  • As well as using bio-printing for binding molecules into medicine, bio-printing is also

  • being used to construct organs. Today we can print an entire lung.

  • Hospitals Now looking at hospital care, I'm sure most

  • of you are now aware of these "tele presence" robots which allows intensive care specialists

  • to remotely communicate with patients across multiple hospitals and as the robots have

  • the ability to transmit information regarding the heart and breathing, examinations can

  • occur much faster, while actually reducing the work load of hospital staff since it eliminates

  • the need for patients to be transferred to intensive care units in some cases. The hospital's

  • workload is also being reduced by "Aethon" TUG System in which an Autonomous robotic

  • courier can make their rounds, carrying prescriptions, medical waste, food trays and up to two hundred

  • pounds of laundry.

  • Home Care As for home care, meet Asimo, Asimo is a humanoid

  • robot created by Honda, with the aspiration of helping people who lack full mobility.

  • Since he was first introduced in 2000, he has gradually improved in mobility and communication.

  • (Thank you) Eventually Asimo will be capable of performing

  • most takes typically required of home-care staff.

  • Now, there are many people who irrationally fear technology, with their frame of reference

  • limited to what they see in movies. But in reality technology is the provider of many

  • solutions across the full spectrum of health and illnesses.

  • When she was born her legs were up by her ears and her shoulders were internally rotated

  • and she had ulnar deviation on her hands and rocker bottom feet. The geneticist came upstairs

  • and told us that she had arthrogryposis multiplex congenital. They brought her legs down and

  • they casted her and slowly and surly she started to develop. Our first year with Emma we found

  • out that there was goanna be a conference and it was in Philadelphia.

  • It was an arthrogryposis family meeting in Philadelphia where I described the WREX.

  • We watched a presentation on the WREX. And that's how it all started. We ended

  • up in Terick and Whitney's workshop. The WREX was attached to a stand and she was

  • able to put her arms into the WREX and for the first time be able to lift her hand up

  • towards her mouth. She just started throwing her hands around

  • and playing. We were bringing candy up for her to eat and

  • we were bringing toys up there and it was so fun for us to go up there and see her play

  • The existing WREX is all metal parts and it's kinda big and Emma was too small for that

  • so we required something light and small and would attach to her body and go with her.

  • So that's where we had this "Stratasys 3D printing machine" and we thought well

  • we could print it out for her. And he did it and the weight difference is

  • significant and for a child who only weight twenty five pounds it makes a big difference.

  • Whitney and Terick put their minds together and came up with a jacket and they would put

  • the WREX on that and were on our second jacket, she outgrew the first one and now we're

  • on our second one and its still evolving it's still growing into this incredible prosthetic

  • which helps her to use her arms. Without the 3D printer we would not be in

  • a position we're in with these younger kids making them a WREX device that can go with

  • them. This is one of those industries that matches

  • perfectly with 3D printing additive manufacturing because we need custom everything.

  • I think 3D scanning and printing technology is the future for this field.

  • The ABS plastic that they use is the same plastic they use in LEGO its human friendly

  • if you will, its really strong and durable to handle the abuse, we can answer a need

  • in a heartbeat. If the WREX breaks all I have to do is take

  • a picture and email it to whiney, he knows exactly what the piece is, he prints it out

  • I go to the hospital or he's even mailed them.

  • I don't have to worry about D-time to machine something or order supplies. I can just basically

  • go back to my program and print out another one.

  • And it's back together and it's working. When she started to express herself we would

  • go upstairs and we would say Emma ya know were gonna put the WREX on and she called

  • them her magic arms and everyone in the room cried.

  • We took it off of her on this one occasion to make some adjustments to it and as we took

  • it off she cried out "I want that" and we didn't think all that much of it but

  • when mom started to cry and uh. We look over and ask mom why she's crying and she kind

  • of takes a moment to recompose herself and tell us that that was her first complete sentence.

  • To be a part of that made it a little special moment for somebody else ya know can't help

  • but uh kinda tug at your heart strings.

  • Food & Accommodation The fast food industry for one is heavily

  • under threat by the same self-serving processes mentioned earlier. In May of 2011, McDonald's

  • announced its plans to install touch-screen technology across 7,000 restaurants in Europe.

  • Parts of the UK have already begun implementation and in some states in America, voice recognition

  • has replaced the drive thru. Can I get, can I get a twenty piece?

  • A twenty piece chicken nugget, what kind of sauces would you like?

  • Uh what is it? What kind of sauce do we have?

  • We got that honey mustard barbecue sweet and source we got honey style hot sauce that burns

  • for hours, we got that buffalo ranch if you need more ask chipotle barbecue ask me for

  • more and I'll tell you.

  • As for the kitchen staff, automated systems are already being used such processes as draining

  • and refilling deep fat fryers, making many human tasks redundant. But perhaps the largest

  • implied threat has to do with the American robotics company, "Momentum Machines"

  • which is predicted to revolutionise the fast food industry. They are currently preparing

  • to open the world's first "smart restaurant" with its automated burger machine. Capable

  • of dispensing around three hundred and sixty burgers an hour. Not only does their machine

  • construct and cook patties but it also slices the toppings to order and the technology even

  • allows for customisation, composed of meat ground to order and assembled in whatever

  • combination the customer desires.

  • Restaurants Restaurant jobs are also threated by atomisation,

  • whether it's assisting chefs or replacing them completely.

  • Waiters What about the job of the restaurant waiter?

  • Well aside from using robots, Germany is pioneering a different approach. You make your order

  • from a touch screen situated at your table and the food is dispensed via a railing system

  • and delivered to your table when ready.

  • Hotels Hotel services are a little harder to automate,

  • but obviously there are elements of automation which do reduce the workload.

  • Straight away you have automatic check in and a restaurant which turns into a dance

  • floor. Were at Yotel New York which opened in June

  • 2011, Yotel is a fun and futuristic brand. Some of the things we have in the hotel are

  • motorised beds in the rooms and we have Yobot which is our answer to futuristic luggage

  • handling. At the moment what we do is we take people's luggage and they store it in the

  • bins provided and Yobot takes it and stores it up on the wall. What we've done now is

  • we've agreed with the airports for example like the jet-blue terminal you'll be able

  • to choose which airport you want to go to, say JFK or Newark, the bin will come down,

  • you'll put the luggage in there and then Yobot will shift your luggage through tunnels

  • in new York and you'll be able to pick it up at each of the airport terminals. Also

  • were looking at a luggage tracker which we'll be able to download on our mobile app so youll

  • be able to follow your luggage form its journey here at the hotel all the way to the airport

  • and were also even looking at being able to sip people and the luggage for yotel new York

  • to one of our airport hotels in the future.

  • Even cleaning and maintenance is potentially threatened by a series of robots such as the

  • Roomba autonomous hoover and the Winbot autonomous window cleaner. But perhaps there are some

  • non-automated threats to the traditional process of accommodation. Couchsurfing.com is a sort

  • of social network community, where people register their hospitality. The idea being,

  • if you want to travel, you simply type where you want to go, specify how many of you are

  • going, and then search from a list of willing participants. Within this type of community,

  • you could potentially travel the world without any need for paid accommodation.

  • Mining and Quarrying The Sandvik Group are currently the leading

  • global suppliers of service and technical solutions for the mining industry. Sandvik

  • Automine has focused its efforts on developing a comprehensive solution for improving the

  • safety, efficiency and productivity of underground mining operations, using autonomous trucks

  • for loading and hauling they have created a flexible system which can be adapted to

  • the unique working environment of individual operations, even processing ore to high grade

  • copper concentrate on site. Through automation they have eliminated many human required jobs,

  • while increasing production with improved drilling accuracy which has also been shown

  • to lower the risk of damage incurred by machines. Currently Sandvik Automine are optimistic

  • about achieving 100% automation of mining. Similarly, since 2009 the Australian mining

  • company Rio Tinto has been using a fleet of Komatsu trucks. The trucks are over twenty

  • feet tall, weigh over ten tons, and are capable of carrying over three hundred tons of material.

  • The trucks are fitted with Komatsu's Autonomous Haulage System which allows navigation from

  • loading units to dump locations, including waste dumps, stockpiles and crushers.

  • However let's take a step back. Looking at the end product of a mining operation,

  • the reason we associate gold and silver with such a high value, is because of the difficulty

  • in obtaining and processing these materials coupled with the time it takes for the earth

  • to naturally produce a diamond for example. The ability to produce a diamond in a lab

  • has been around for a long time; however gem-quality results have only been achievable in the last

  • few years. Specifically the American company "Gemesis" have made huge advancement in

  • the production of synthetic diamonds, with an output of up to forty rare gems each day.

  • As for the cost, a one-carat yellow diamond from nature equates to about thirteen point

  • five thousand pounds whereas and a synthetic replica costs just four thousand pounds.

  • So when we begin to speculate about the future of synthetic materials perhaps it's not

  • too farfetched to think we could create copper, coltan, gold and silver and bring these materials

  • to market for a much lower cost than they are today, which would, invariably reduce

  • the costs of all technological applications which depend on these materials.

  • Construction Construction employs over 2 million people

  • in the UK and accounts for just under seven pecent of the nation's GDP.

  • Firstly let's look at construction as it is today. Because of all the different trades

  • involved, Construction is prone to management inefficiency and corruption. The actual process

  • itself is slow, labour intensive & inefficient as well as being costly and usually over budget

  • it is also highly wasteful of resources and responsible for producing vast amounts of

  • carbon emission. As far as safety is concerned, construction is more dangerous than both mining

  • and agriculture. Each year an average of sixty workers are fatally injured with seventy four

  • thousand non-fatal injuries. Now let's look at the alternative. Contour

  • Crafting is a process developed by the University of Southern California's Information Sciences

  • Institute. Though initially conceived as a method to construct moulds for industrial

  • parts, the technology of rapid home construction was proposed as a way to rebuild cities after

  • natural disasters occurred. Currently it uses a computer-controlled crane to distribute

  • concrete layer by layer incorporating, plumbing and electrical network installation. With

  • Contour Crafting buildings are rapidly and efficiently constructed with zero manual labour,

  • zero waste and little emission. It is estimated an average family home could be built in less

  • than twenty hours. However the homes of the future will not be constrained by today's

  • architectural limitations for these machines can extrude intricate and complex designs.

  • Perhaps the design of your home will only be limited by your imagination. Now Contour

  • Crafting is still relatively new, however, it is easy to see how in the near future this

  • project could be commercialized as a means of streamlining the entire construction industry.

  • Destroying a numbers of not only those associated with construction but also those of plumbers,

  • electricians and perhaps even architects.

  • Education Today

  • The mainstream method of education currently requires an all knowing authority figure fulfilling

  • the role of teacher and relaying imperial information to student's after which said

  • teacher will then review and grade the work of the students. This traditional approach

  • to learning has been widely criticised throughout recent years, as it relies on rote memorisation,

  • teaching students what to think as opposed to how to think. And using the grading system

  • has also been shown to create structural classism. Sugata Mitra is a Professor of Educational

  • Technology at the University of Newcastle. His first experiment in child learning began

  • in 1999 with the hole in the wall project. Initially, a computer was placed in a kiosk

  • built within a wall in a slum at New Delhi and children were allowed to use the computer

  • freely. The experiment aimed to show that kids could be taught by computers very easily

  • without any formal training and independent of adult supervision. Mitra termed this approach

  • "Minimally Invasive Education". The experiment grew and was repeated in many places, currently

  • there are more than twenty three hole in the wall kiosks in rural India and in 2004 was

  • extended to Cambodia. The results have now demonstrated that groups of children, irrespective

  • of who they are or where they are, can learn to use computers and the Internet on their

  • own, using public computers in open spaces such as streets and playgrounds, even without

  • initially knowing any English. I wanted to test the limits of this system.

  • The first experiment I did out of Newcastle was actually done in India and I set myself

  • an impossible target. Can Tamel speaking twelve year old children in a south Indian village

  • teach themselves biotechnology in English on their own? I thought I'll test them,

  • they'll get a zero, I'll give them material, I'll come back and test them, they'll

  • get another zero, I'll go back and say yes we need teachers for certain things. I called

  • in twenty six children they all came in there, I told them that there's some really difficult

  • stuff on this computer I wouldn't be surprised if you didn't understand anything. It's

  • all in English and I'm going. I came back after two months, the twenty six children

  • marched in looking very, very quiet. I said well, did you look at any of the steps, they

  • said yes we did, did you understand anything, they said no, nothing. So I said, well, how

  • long did you practice on it before you decided you understood nothing, they said we look

  • at it every day, so I said for two months you are looking at stuff you didn't understand,

  • so a twelve year old girl raises her hand and says, apart from the fact improper replication

  • of the DNA molecule causes genetic disease we've understood nothing else (crowd laughs).

  • So the schools have gone up from 0% to 30% which is an educational impossibility under

  • the circumstances, but 30% is not a pass. So I found that they had a friend, a local

  • accountant, a young girl, and they play football with her. I asked that girl if they would

  • teach them enough Biotechnology to pass and she said how would I do that, I don't know

  • the subject, and I said no, use the method of the Grandmother, she said what's that

  • and I said what you've got to do is stand behind them, and admire them all the time

  • (crowd laughs), just say to them, that's cool, that's fantastic, what is that, can

  • you do that again, can you show me some more. She did that for 2 months, the score went

  • up to 50% which is what the posh schools of New Dehli with the trained Biotechnology teachers

  • were getting. So I came back to Newcastle with these results and decided that there

  • was something happening here that definitely was getting very serious. Across the River

  • Thames, five thousand miles from Dehli, is the little town of Gateshead, in Gateshead

  • I took thirty two children and I started to fine tune the method, I made them into groups

  • of four, I said you make your own groups of four, each group of four can use one computer,

  • and not four computers. You can exchange groups, you can walk across to another group if you

  • don't like your group etc. You can go to another group, peer over their shoulder, see

  • what they're doing, come back to your own group and claim it as your own work. The children

  • enthusiastically got up to me and said what do you want us to do? I gave them six GCSE

  • questions. The first group, the best one solved everything, in twenty minutes, the worst,

  • in forty five, they used everything that they knew: Newsgroups, Google, Wikipedia, Ask Jeeves

  • etc. The teachers said, is this deep learning, I said well, let's try it. I'll come back

  • after two months, we'll give them a paper test, no computers, no talking to each other

  • etc. The average score when I done it with the computers and the groups was 76%. When

  • I did the experiment, when I did the test after two months, the score was... 76%. There

  • was photographic recall inside the children; I suspect because they were discussing with

  • each other, a single child in front of a single computer will not do that, I have further

  • results which are, almost unbelievable of scores which go up with time, because the

  • teachers say after the session is over, the children continue to Google further. Here

  • in Britain I've put in a call for British Grandmothers, after my Kupum experiment, the

  • deal was they would give me one hour of broadband time sitting at their homes, one day in a

  • week. So they did that and over the last two years, over six hundred hours of instructions

  • have been over Skype, using what my students call, the Granny Cloud. (Girl in class talking)

  • Back in Gateshead, a ten year old girl gets into the heart of Hinduism, in fifteen minutes,

  • you know stuff which don't know, anything about (crowd laughs), Two children watch a

  • TED talk, they wanted to be footballers before, after watching eight TED talks, he wants to

  • become Leonardo Da Vinci (crowd laughs) (applause), it's pretty simple stuff. This is what I'm

  • building now, they are called SOLEs, Self-Organised Learning Environments, the furniture is designed

  • so children can sit in front of big, powerful screens, big broadband connections but in

  • groups. If they want they can call the Granny Cloud, this is a SOLE in Newcastle, the mediator

  • is from Umea, India. So how far can we go, I think we've just stumbled across a self-organising

  • system. A self-organising system is one where a structure appears without explicit intervention

  • from the outside, self-organising systems also always show emergence, which is when

  • the system starts to do things which it was never designed for, which is why you react

  • the way you do because it looks impossible. I think I can make a guess now, education

  • is organising system, where learning is an emergent phenomenon, it will take a few years

  • to prove it experimentally but I'm going to try but in the meanwhile there is a method

  • available. One billion children, we will need one hundred million mediators, there are many

  • more than that on the planet, ten million SOLEs, one hundred and eighty billion dollars

  • and ten years, we could change everything!

  • So, children left to their own devices are capable of self-learning, perhaps limited

  • only by their ability to search for information. But what if this process was made easier?

  • What if there was a website which consolidated a vast range of subjects with short educational

  • explanatory videos, detailing almost every aspect of mathematics, history, healthcare,

  • medicine, finance, physics, chemistry, biology, astronomy, economics, cosmology, civics and

  • computer science. Well that website exists; it's called the Kahn academy, developed

  • by Salman Kahn in 2006. The site currently has more than 4,000 micro lectures and has

  • delivered over two hundred and forty million lessons worldwide. In fact the Kahn academy

  • has been so successful it is likely the primary inspiration behind Academic Earth, which has

  • evolved the concept to include actual lectures form more than forty top US colleges including

  • Harvard, MIT, Princeton, Stanford, and Yale. Since Academic Earth, a group of educators

  • from Stanford University have formed Coursea. Adopting the same premise as Kahn and Academic

  • Earth, However, with Coursea upon the completion of on-line courses, students are awarded certificates

  • which can and indeed have been used to gain employment and in some cases, as a substitute

  • for credit in real world educational institutions.

  • Arts & Entertainment Incentive

  • In looking at the future of the arts in relation to jobs, I feel an important distinction must

  • be drawn. There are really two concepts of employment

  • which tends to go unacknowledged. The first is driven by financial necessity. This version

  • makes employment something we submit to in order to gain access to our life supporting

  • needs; the other is driven by passion, making employment a creative outlet where financial

  • stability is a by-product and not the primary motivation. In fact when it comes to art,

  • or any process involving creativity, monetary rewards are actually in-verse to productivity.

  • Our motivations are unbelievably interesting. The science is really surprising. The science

  • is a little bit freaky, okay. We are not as endlessly manipulable and predictable as you

  • would think. There's a whole set of unbelievably interesting studies. I want to give you two

  • that call into question this whole idea that if you reward something you get more of the

  • behaviour you want, if you punish something you get less of it.

  • So let's go from London to the mean streets of Cambridge, Massachusetts, in the northeastern

  • part of the United States, and let's talk about a study done at MIT -- Massachusetts

  • Institute of Technology. Here's what they did: they took a whole group of students and

  • gave them a set of challenges. Things like memorizing a string of digits, solving word

  • puzzles, other kinds of spatial puzzles, even physical tasks like throwing a ball through

  • a hoop. They gave 'em these challenges and they said to incentivize their performance,

  • they gave them three levels of rewards, okay. So if you did pretty well you got a small

  • monetary reward, if you did medium well you got a medium reward, and if you did really

  • well, if you were one of the top performers, you got a large cash prize. We've seen this

  • movie before. This is a typical motivation scheme within organizations. Right? We reward

  • the very top performers, we ignore the low performers, and the folks in the middle...okay,

  • you get a little. So what happens? They do the test, they have these incentives, and

  • here's what they found out: (1) As long as the task involved only mechanical

  • skill, bonuses worked as would be expected: the higher the pay, the better the performance.

  • That makes sense. But here's what happened: once the test called for even rudimentary

  • cognitive skill, a larger reward led to poorer performance! Now this is strange...a larger

  • reward led to poorer performance. How can that possibly be? Now what's interesting about

  • this is that the folks who did it are all economists -- two at MIT, one at the University

  • of Chicago, one at Carnegie Mellon -- okay, the top tier of the economics profession,

  • and they're reaching this conclusion that seems contrary to what most of us learned

  • in economics, which is that the higher the reward, the better the performance. And they're

  • saying, once you get above rudimentary cognitive skill, it's the other way around. The idea

  • that these rewards don't work that way seems vaguely left wing and socialist, doesn't it?

  • It's this weird, socialist conspiracy. For those of you who have those conspiracy theories,

  • I want to point out the notoriously left-wing socialist group that financed the research:

  • the Federal Reserve Bank -- the most mainstream of the mainstream coming to a conclusion that

  • seems to defy the laws of behavioural physics! So this is strange, strange findings. So what

  • do they do? They say let's go test it somewhere else. Maybe that $50, $60 prize isn't sufficiently

  • motivating for MIT students. Let's go to a place where $50 is more significant relatively.

  • So we're gonna take the experiment and go to Madurai, India -- rural India -- where

  • $50, $60, whatever the number was is actually a significant sum of money. So they replicated

  • the experiment in India roughly as follows: the small rewards were roughly the equivalent

  • of two weeks' salary; medium performance, about a month's salary; high performance,

  • about two months' salary. Those are good incentives, so you're probably goanna get a different

  • result here. But what happened was that, the people offered the medium reward did no better

  • than the people offered the small reward. But this time around the people offered the

  • highest reward did worst of all! Higher incentives led to worse performances. What's interesting

  • about this is it isn't all that anomalous. This has been replicated over and over and

  • over again by psychologists, by sociologists, and by economists -- over and over and over

  • again. For simple, straightforward tasks, these kinds of incentives -- "If you do

  • this then you get that" -- they're great. For tasks that are algorithmic, you just follow

  • a set of rules; get a right answer, if then, carrots and sticks...outstanding. But when

  • a task gets more complicated, when it requires some conceptual, creative thinking, those

  • kinds of motivators demonstrably don't work. Fact: money is a motivator at work, but in

  • a slightly strange way. If you don't pay people enough they won't be motivated. What's curious

  • is there's another paradox here, that the best use of money as a motivator is to pay

  • people enough to take the issue of money off the table. Pay people enough that they're

  • not thinking about money, they're thinking about the work. Once you do that, it turns

  • out there are three factors that science shows lead to better performance, not to mention

  • personal satisfaction: autonomy, mastery, and purpose.

  • Autonomy is our desire to be self-directed -- to direct our own lives. In many ways,

  • traditional notions of management runs afoul of that. Management is great if you want compliance;

  • but if you want engagement, which is what we want in the workplace today as people are

  • doing more complicated, sophisticated things, self-direction is better. Let me give you

  • some examples of this. One of the most radical forms of self-direction in the workplace that

  • leads to good results. Let's start with Atlassian -- an Australian software company, and they

  • do something really cool. Once a quarter on a Thursday afternoon, they say

  • to their developers, "For the next 24 hours you can work anything you want. You can work

  • on it the way you want, you can work on it with whoever you want. All we ask is that

  • you show those results to the company at the end of the 24 hours." And it's a fun kind

  • of meeting, with beer and cake, and fun, and other things like that. It turns out that

  • that one day of pure, undiluted autonomy has led to a whole array of fixes for existing

  • software, a whole array of ideas for new products that otherwise would have never emerged. One

  • day! Now this is not an "if then" incentive.

  • This is not the sort of thing I would have done three years ago, before I heard this

  • research. I would've said, you want people to be creative and innovative? Give 'em a

  • freakin innovation bonus. "If you can do something cool, I'll give you $2,500." They're

  • not doing this at all. They're essentially saying, you probably wanna do something interesting,

  • let me just get out of your way. One day of autonomy produces things that would never

  • emerge. Now let's talk about mastery. Mastery is our

  • urge to get better at stuff. We like to get better at stuff. This is why people play musical

  • instruments on the weekend. These people act in ways that don't make any sense economically.

  • They play musical instruments on the weekends. Why? It's not gonna make them any money. 'Cause

  • it's fun. 'Cause you get better at it, and that's satisfying. Go back in time a little

  • bit. Imagine. I imagine if I went to my first economics professor, a woman named Mary Alice

  • Shulman, if I went to her in 1983 and said, "Professor Shulman, can I talk to you after

  • class a minute? I got this inkling...I've got this idea for a business model; I just

  • wanna run it past you. Here's how it would work: you get a bunch of people around the

  • world that are doing highly skilled work, but they're willing to do it for free and

  • volunteer their time -- twenty, sometimes thirty hours a week." She's looking at me

  • somewhat skeptically now. "Oh, but I'm not done! Then, what they create, they give it

  • away rather than sell it. It's gonna be huge!" She would have thought I was insane. It seems

  • to fly in the face of so many things. But you have Linux powering servers in one out

  • of four Fortune 500 companies. You have Apache powering more than the majority of web servers.

  • You have Wikipedia. What's going on? Why are people doing this? Why are these people, many

  • of whom are technically sophisticated, highly skilled people--who have jobs, they have jobs,

  • they're working at jobs for pay doing sophisticated technical work -- and yet, during their limited

  • discretionary time, they do equally if not more technically sophisticated work, not for

  • their employer, but for someone else for free! That's a strange economic behavior! Economists

  • have looked into it: why are they doing this? It's overwhelmingly clear: challenge and mastery,

  • along with making a contribution, that's it. What you're seeing, more and more, what's

  • arising is what you might call the purpose motive. Organizations want to have some kind

  • of transcendent purpose -- partly because it makes coming to work better, partly because

  • that's the way to get better talent. And what we're seeing now is when the profit motive

  • becomes unmoored from the purpose motive, bad things happen. Bad things ethically sometimes,

  • but also bad things like just like not good stuff. Like crappy products, like lame services,

  • like uninspiring places to work. When the profit motive is paramount or when it becomes

  • completely unhitched from the purpose motive, people don't do great things.

  • More and more organizations are realizing this, sort of disturbing the categories between

  • what's profit and what's purpose. And I think that heralds something interesting. I think

  • the companies that are flourishing, whether they're non-profit, for profit, or somewhere

  • in between, are animated by this purpose model. Let me give you a few examples: Here's the

  • founder of Skype. He says our goal is to be disruptive but in the cause of making the

  • world a better place, pretty good purpose. Here's Steve Jobs. I wanna put a ding in the

  • universe. Alright, that's the kind of thing that might get you up in the morning racing

  • to go to work. So I think we are purpose maximizers, not

  • only profit maximizers. The science shows that we care very, very deeply about mastery,

  • and the science shows that we want to be self- directed. So I think the big takeaway here

  • is that if we start treating people like people, and not assuming they're simply horses -- slower,

  • smaller, better smelling horses -- if we get past this ideology of carrots and sticks

  • and look at the science, I think we can actually build organizations and work lives that make

  • us better off, and I think we also have the promise to make our world just a little bit

  • better.

  • So, while the all the mundane repetitive jobs are being assigned to machines, the jobs which

  • exist outside of a computer's creative capabilities, are in fact jobs which would exist regardless

  • of financial reward and in fact produce better results without the incentive.

  • Media Earlier we looked at the possibility of certain

  • media companies becoming exclusive to app form, but what would the future of media look

  • like if a website such as Youtube, decided to adopt the same feature of paid-subscription

  • viewing? Incorporating say, an embedded planner interface? Well for one, YouTube would have

  • an immediate advantage as their planer could be customizable, and rather than having pay

  • for an entire package of channels, users would have the option of paying for individual programing.

  • The programs themselves would no longer be constrained by the time slot limitations of

  • a typical TV network, for each program could have its own channel. But this is all merely

  • speculation right? Well no, turns out YouTube are currently preparing to switch on live

  • stream subscription viewing.

  • Film The most profitable sector in the entertainment

  • business is the film industry. One of the reasons is due to just how expensive it is

  • to actually make a film, accounting for the sheer amount of people involved in production.

  • But many production elements are quickly becoming redundant by the ever improving capabilities

  • of GCI. If filming outside; you only have a few of hours of light each day to maintain

  • continuity. With CGI, backdrops and lighting can be controlled in a green lit studio. As

  • far as on screen performance, movies tend to have dozens of actors each requiring multiple

  • takes of a scene and character CGI has typically been reserved for cartoonish features. Well,

  • as the technology advances CGI is getting ever closer to reflecting reality.

  • Ok first thing smile, frown, look mean, eyebrows up, eyebrows down, move your mouth around

  • like this, now go A, A, E, E, I, I, O, U, very good.

  • With CGI an actor could perform every scene of a movie inside a green lit studio and since

  • his image is rendered, you could have a single actor performing multiple rolls. perhaps every

  • roll in the entire movie could be performed by just 4 or 5 actors and since their emotions

  • would be captured and stored on the computers, in the future, rather than having to shoot

  • a scene over and over until finally getting the desired emotional response, perhaps directors

  • will have the option of choosing from a database of preprogramed actions.

  • All of this implying mass reduction in the volume of people needed to make a film. Now,

  • I'm sure many will see the lump of labour fallacy here, and point out that new jobs

  • would emerge in the form building the CGI, however, video games are entirely CGI, and

  • the development of a game currently cost between $500k--$5M compared that with the starting

  • price of two hundred million dollars for a Hollywood movie. And then there's the open

  • source community. Blender for one is an open source 3D modelling program. Since the blender

  • project began, a community of volunteers have downloaded the source code and over time,

  • made gradual improvements to the programs functionality. Today blender is capable of

  • producing this. Why don't you just admit that you're freaked

  • out by my robot hand? Ahggg c'mon

  • Human! This is pretty freaky

  • "Tears of Steel"

  • Professional, Scientific & Technical

  • This sector covers a vast range of jobs and I feel it would be far too time consuming

  • to address each in great detail. So let's run through these quickly. The workload typically

  • required with legal advice and representation, is now being diminished through the use of

  • e-discovery, which enables 1 lawyer to do the work of 500

  • Accounting services are being replaced with software such as KashFlow which can actually

  • track bank transactions, obviating the need for manual input accounting.

  • Translation and interpretation services are also replaceable with software such as Lingual

  • which uses apple's Siri technology to translate between 35 languages in real-time.

  • Architectural work may over time become less of a specialist subject. As computers grew

  • throughout the 90's necessity demanded the majority of us familiarize ourselves with

  • operating systems. I believe the advancements in 3D printing will demand that people become

  • failure with computer aided design. And as the software improves, much of the architectural

  • process could be constructed in a program similar to a Sims game.

  • Engineering, Computer system design, Photography and Scientific research all seem to fall under

  • the umbrella of creativity which as demonstrated earlier would exist regardless of paid employment.

  • Advertising services may be under threat if YouTube were to eliminate their competition

  • and also incorporate a paid viewing feature which disables advertising.

  • Consulting services I think can easily be replaced with advanced voice recognition software.

  • Administrative & Support Services

  • The core job of an administrator is to process, filter, organize and categorise personal data.

  • Facebook has recently shown the potential of account synchronization. Instead of having

  • to fill out a form every time we register to a new website, Now we have the single click

  • option of "register through Facebook", where all the user has to do I click this

  • button and the website dose the rest. Of course Facebook is a social network and likely contains

  • information not necessarily relevant to third party organizations. But if the government

  • were to further the train of thought here, we could instate a nationalised social HUB,

  • whereby those of us with say a national insurance number, could at least have the option of

  • having our relevant details authenticated and synced with our national insurance accounts,

  • and once the information has been submitted and synced, applying for government benefits,

  • bank loans, college placements or even making a dentist appointment, could all be achieved

  • much faster through the on-line hub, reducing our dependency on the processing requirements

  • of these time consuming middlemen, and having a regulated information HUB could also extend

  • to the elimination or at the very least a downgrading of the postal service, for all

  • forms of documentation could be securely transferred electronically to authenticated email addresses.

  • Financial & Insurance

  • The world of finances and insurance is obviously dependent upon the circulation of money. So

  • rather than address specific elements of this sector, it's perhaps easier to simply look

  • at the root cause of our pending financial collapse. Far from automated systems the fall

  • of the global financial economy, will result from simple causation principles in mathematics.

  • Almost every form of trade in the world is represented through currency. Currency is

  • a proclamation where a certain value is identified by a number. One pound will represent a value,

  • which can differ slightly between traders but generally holds an accepted range, and

  • this ranging value is not determined or decided by politicians or bankers, it's a value

  • derived from the market. When calculating the cost of housing, energy, transportation,

  • as well as goods and services, we are presented with a consumer price index and thus derive

  • the overall market value of the pound. The markets themselves are predicated on consumer

  • spending. So if all consumers continually spend the same amount, the markets prices

  • would stabilize and the economy could potentially function harmoniously, neither growing nor

  • contracting. But let's step back and look at where money actually comes from in the

  • first place. All money in circulation was created by and is the property of the central

  • bank, in our case the bank of England. This bank loans money to the commercial and investment

  • banks, which then issue loans themselves to rival banks, consumers and businesses, so

  • since we are all trading borrowed money, cyclical consumption is not only a necessity for ensuring

  • the integrity of the pound, it is also a requirement for the banks, thus the currency, to remain

  • operational. Only one problem with this, this borrowing from the banks process isn't quite

  • the same as a game of Monopoly where a friend might loan you some cash until you pass go!

  • All the money borrowed from both the central and commercial banks, has to be paid back

  • with interest, but since the interest is in fact NOT created alongside the initial loan,

  • the ability to pay back more money than exists in principle is a mathematical impossibility

  • if the goal was maintaining economic harmony. So instead we try to resolve the problem generated

  • with interest, through a process called quantitative easing, in which the banks may temporarily

  • lower interest rates and the government will often borrow even more money at interest,

  • in an effort to grow the economy. See rather than address the fundamental flaw

  • of this system, we instead perpetuate an infinite growth paradigm, which of course, is ultimately

  • unsustainable on a finite planet, and in looking at the numbers it doesn't seem this quantitative

  • easing has had much effect, here's the average monthly consumer costs in 2008, compared with

  • today, we have an overall price increase of 25% while wages during the same time only

  • rose by 6%. These results are simply because perpetual growth is unsustainable and Bankruptcy,

  • redundancy, foreclosure, administrations, liquidations, loan defaults and the raising

  • of a country's debt ceiling, are all built in consequential and we should expect nothing

  • ells of this system.

  • Other Having looked at each sector of employment,

  • it appears we are heading towards a fully automated economy, some might say this would

  • still require lots of human workers? Machines after all do have at least one constraint,

  • while they can work without a monetary incentive, the do require energy.

  • Our current methods of energy cultivation result in the depletion of natural oil and

  • the burning of CO2 emitting fossil fuels, but these methods are wasteful, cumbersome

  • and quite frankly out-dated. Solutions to the energy crisis are often cited in the form

  • of nuclear power, but after the disasters in Japan, perhaps we should be looking to

  • cleaner, safer solutions. Solar energy is gradually becoming more and

  • more accepted by the mainstream, even the government are incentivising home owners to

  • adopt solar panels with the Feed-In Tariffs scheme, where participants will be compensated

  • for any surplus energy generated. While an initial solar panel investment may deter some

  • of us, it's reassuring to know that the cost of solar is currently dropping at a rate

  • of 30% per year. But could we really sustain our energy needs on solar panels alone? Well

  • firstly, solar technology is not limited to buildings.

  • An American company called solar roadways are developing photovoltaic solar roads. With

  • current technology it is estimated that full integration of solar roads across the US,

  • would generate enough power to satisfy the current energy usage of the entire planet.

  • These roads also incorporate LED displays which could probably be programed to coincide

  • with autonomous vehicles ensuring even greater road safety. The roads in colder climates

  • would be installed with embedded heating elements, eliminating ice and snow hazards as well as

  • the required jobs of snow ploughs and gritters. Solar energy aside, how about wind? According

  • to the US department of energy, if wind turbines were fully harvested in just 3 of Americas

  • 50 states, the energy cultivated would be enough to power the whole of the USA. But

  • wind farming is also not limited to the gigantic turbines which most of us are aware of. We

  • could be utilizing vertical axis wind turbines with magnetic bearings, which cause the wind

  • vain to levitate. Reducing the friction and cut-in wind speed usually hindered by gears.

  • You could literally blow on these things and create energy,

  • So what happens when we placed vertical axis turbines inside street lamps? Well, when a

  • vehicle drives past it creates a gust of wind and in turn powers the lights.

  • Then we have tidal power. According to Crown Estate, the UK has the potential to harness

  • up to 153 gigawatts, accounting for more than 20% of our current energy usage. They also

  • found a potential 27 gigawatts from wave energy. And then of course we have geothermal power.

  • So here's the earth, in countries like Canada and the United States seasons come and go.

  • In the summer months it can be quite warm and in the winter very cold, while the temperature

  • of the surface for the earth changes with the seasons, the temperature of the ground

  • below the surface does not. Even at just two meters or six feet under the ground it is

  • about fifteen degrees Celsius or sixty degrees farenheight all year round. Geothermal takes

  • advantage of this consistent temperature and uses it to heat and cool homes. So how does

  • it work? First, a large hole is made into the ground and filled with a series of pipes

  • a special heat absorbing fluid constantly runs through the pipes. In the winter, heat

  • from the ground is absorbed into the pipes and pushed upwards where it can be circulated

  • throughout the house. In the summer the process is reversed, heat from the house is absorbed

  • into the pipes and pushed downwards where it can be stores within the cooler earth.

  • So what are the benefits of geothermal heating? Well for one you can save a lot of money geothermal

  • uses way less energy to operate and this means a heating bill that is up to eighty percent

  • lower than that of a traditional heating system, secondly geothermal doesn't run on fossil

  • fuels like oil or gas and therefore produces significantly less greenhouse gasses. So,

  • look into geothermal today for a cleaner and sustainable source of energy.

  • As well as heating homes, geothermal is being used to convert heat in to energy. And in

  • a 2006 MIT study, geothermal was found to have an energy potential of two thousand zenojules.

  • The total global energy consumption is currently around one half a zenejule per year, signifying

  • four thousand years of planetary power from geothermal alone. Meaning the powering of

  • an automated economy is simply a non-issue. But then there's the other argument regarding

  • machine maintenance. It is now a general assumption that all machines are in constant need repairs.

  • And well, this is true, at least with respects to market products. See within the market

  • there is planned obsolescence, in order to maintain cyclical consumption of goods, it

  • is crucial that products have a short lifespan. The biggest issue or potential flaw to me

  • over this invention is the fact, that it's not an invention or a product that actually

  • will be purchased more than once, you kind of almost want your product to break occasionally.

  • If we were to removed our dependency on cyclical consumption we could create products to last,

  • and the only threat to a machines lifespan, would be atmospheric erosion. This is why

  • in the future all machine parts will be treated with a super hydrophobic coating, which uses

  • nanotechnology to repel water and refined oils.

  • Problem

  • Even when we do recognize the implications of mass mechanisation, people tend to think

  • "not my job, not the job I happen to have spent four years studying for, the business

  • my family left me, the product I invested my life savings in, that job will be around

  • forever". I'm sorry to tell you that is merely wishful thinking, and yes your job

  • is vulnerable; even if not directly threatened by atomisation; we are all affected by the

  • mechanisms of causation.

  • When a store fails the products on those shelves thus manufacturing is affected, just as when

  • a product becomes obsolete, the stores in turn suffer. Also, when 50% of household products

  • are either redundant or freely downloadable, what do you think will happen to the world

  • of advertising? Autonomous cars eliminate the need for a driving licences thus the need

  • for driving schools and instructors, and since accidents are near impossible, there will

  • be a reduction in time with car insurance companies, repair shops and of course, taxable

  • offenses relating to speeding fines and the like. And as the overall state of the economy

  • weakens, commercial banks, real estate and government funded institutions such as education

  • and healthcare all be affected.

  • If by now you are asking "what's the real solution to the unemployment problem?" Well

  • my question is what's the problem? The loss of a job is historically synonymous with degradation

  • and poverty. Yet we are looking at a future in which organic food and clean energy are

  • cultivated with levels of abundance never before seen. Homes can be constructed within

  • a day without any human involvement. All tools, aesthetic objects and even medicine are designed,

  • downloaded, customized and printed on demand, either made from in your in the home or delivered

  • via autonomous vehicles, which have improved road safety and reduced travel time. Then

  • of course there's better healthcare, free education, less waste and this is all to say

  • nothing of the explosion in entertainment. The real solution would have nothing to do

  • with capitalism, socialism, communism, the free enterprise system or any other sub related

  • group. For these are market economies. And as the financial market dies, we need to transition

  • into a new sustainable economy, one which is designed around ensuring our survival,

  • meaning we must all have equal access to life supporting needs without the ridiculous number

  • game or any monetary exchange. We have the technology and the understanding

  • today of how to scientifically orient our resource distribution. But of course transitions

  • are never easy. There is nothing preventing a period of mass poverty and starvation. In

  • fact there is nothing preventing us from holding on to this out-dated, competition based, infinite

  • growth market economy, until we have nothing left.

  • By raising awareness of our technological potential and having the population understand

  • the imminent need to transition, we can alleviate the fear usually generated through ignorance

  • and allow the change to happen with little opposition. Luckily for us, I don't have

  • to sit here and propose setting up a mass awareness raising campaign, it already exists.

  • With over half a million members and hundreds of chapter's world-wide the zeitgeist movement

  • is the largest grassroots movement in history, and has set out to raise awareness as to our

  • true potential on this planet while at the same time advocating a transition in to a

  • new sustainable global paradigm.

Life.. is all about survival and we never really know how long each of us have on this planet.

字幕と単語

ワンタップで英和辞典検索 単語をクリックすると、意味が表示されます

B1 中級

無料で働けます|公式リリース|2013年 (Will Work For Free | OFFICIAL RELEASE | 2013)

  • 161 20
    王惟惟 に公開 2021 年 01 月 14 日
動画の中の単語