Name: 地球上で最も死滅する物質トップ5 (Top 5 Deadliest Substances on Earth)
Uploaded: 2021-01-14T06:26:22.000Z
Duration: 10 min 46 s
Description: VoiceTubeの動画で発音を聞きながら英語表現を覚えよう！学べる英語：

It's a story straight out of a Bond film.

On September 7th, 1978, Bulgarian journalist Georgi Markov, a communist defector working for the BBC,

was walking across the Waterloo Bridge in London, when he felt a slight sting in his right thigh.

He looked behind him and saw a man picking an umbrella up off the ground.

By that evening he had developed a fever.

Markov had been assassinated using an umbrella rigged to fire a pellet laced with one of the most powerful natural toxins in the world:

Ricin is one of the deadliest natural substances that is not found in an animal.

It's found in the beans of the castor plant.

Just 500 micrograms of this stuff, that's 5/10 000 of what a paperclip weighs, is enough to kill a man.

And as potent as it is, ricin isn't even close to being the most poisonous natural substance on Earth.

There are poisons that lurk in bacteria, plants, and fungi all over the place,

and they're not just found in exotic, tropical locales or, like, 1970's London.

They're pretty much everywhere, and the fact is, they're there for good reasons.

But what is it about their chemical makeup that makes them so poisonous?

How do their toxins attack the human body with such deadly efficency?

And why does my thigh suddenly feel all tingly?

Not only is it morbid to list the most deadly toxins in nature, it's also nearly impossible.

There are a lot of plants, fungi and bacteria out there capable of killing you if eaten, inhaled, or injected.

And there are also a lot of variables to make it hard to quantify exactly how poisonous something is.

Everything from the age of the victim to the antibodies in your system can effect how potent a substance is.

No-one disputes that the most lethal toxic substance known to man natural or otherwise is produced by the tiny bacterium Clostridium botulinum.

You probably know it by the disease it causes, botulism.

One way experts use to measure the lethality of a poison is a method called the "Lethal dose 50%",

Which is the dose required to kill half the members of a tested population.

Since, for obvious reasons, you can't run these tests on humans, toxicologists usually gets this number, often called the LD50,

by using an endlessly unfourtunate creature:

LD50 is measured in a ratio of milligrams of toxin to kilograms of bodyweight,

and in the case of the botulinum toxin it's about one nanogram, a billionth of a gram, per kilogram.

That means that a crystal of botulinum the size of a grain of sand, would be enough to kill 9,600 people.

The bacteria are actually really common and the spores they produce are found in soil and water all over the world.

The problem starts when they germinate into active cells, at which point they begin to produce seven different toxins,

C. botulinum thrives in low-oxygen environments, and the ten to thirty cases reported each year in the U.S.

are usually the result of eating improperly canned food, since canning removes oxygen from food to preserve it.

But if the food isn't heated properly the spores can stick around and set up shop in that can of Texas chili.

Botulinum spores can also be found in honey, and if you eat them they can find a nice oxygen free nook of your body to hang out in.

Kids and adults can ward off these spores before they germinate, but infants cannot,

which is why babies under 12 months old should never eat honey.

The spores are poisonous because they secrete a neurotoxin as a waste product.

It works by blocking the release of a neurotransmitter called acetylcholine, which controls muscle contractions.

This effectively makes every muscle in the victim's body go limp.

Within several days without antitoxin the victim will asphyxiate from the inability to breathe.

But yes, thanks to science, and all those poor lab mice, there is an antitoxin.

But why in the name of Mathieu Orfila would a bacterium evolve to fart the deadliest poison on earth into its host?

One theory is that the toxins are not aimed at the host, but rather at competitor bacteria.

They create conditions where benign bacteria cannot survive, giving the evil bacteria a chance to spread.

The host, in this case a human, is often just in the way of this process.

So compared to the botulinum toxins, cyanide is like eating play dough.

Not only will it kill your face, it's also one of the most rapidly acting poisons in the world.

It's found in cigarette smoke, burning plastics, also a surprising number of natural foods including almonds and the seeds of apricots and apples.

The LD50 of sodium cyanide, a common form, is 6.4 mg per kg of bodyweight,

or over 6 million times less deadly than botulinum.

But that said, it's been a popular and effective tool of death for everyone from Emperor Nero to Agatha Christie.

Cyanide is a carbon atom triple bonded to a nitrogen atom.

What makes it such a fast killer is that it binds to proteins in your cells mitochondria, the tiny power plants that keep your cells going,

and keeps them from using oxygen, basically asphyxiating the body at a cellular level.

It is true that some fruits and nuts contain cyanide.

Apple seeds for instance contain a chemical that releases cyanide when it comes into contact with digestive enzymes.

This is a good way to deter critters from digesting up all your seeds if you're a fruit, but there's not enough poison to kill them, or us.

Though I guess I wouldn't make a point of like eating a bowl of apple seeds.

The good news is that if you happen to suffer from cyanide poisoning, there's always vitamin B12.

The B12 that you get at the store actually contains cyanide as part of its gloriously complex molecular structure,

so high doses of a precursor to the vitamin can literally pull the cyanide off of your poisoned mitochondria,

and then you just pee out the poison in the form of B12.

Well the castor plant that killed him is next on our list. It's native to East Africa,

but grows pretty much anywhere it's warm, including the southwestern United States.

The toxin it produces, ricin, is a protein found in the castor bean,

but the poison itself is made from the mash that's left over after grinding the beans into oil.

When the oil is heated the ricin protein denatures or changes shape, which renders it harmless.

So the toxin doesn't end up in the oil itself, which is used widely as a laxative.

But when inhaled, ingested, or injected, untreated ricin is readily absorbed by the body's cells.

Once inside it inactivates the ribosomes, which manufacture proteins that your cells need to survive and reproduce,

and once the protein train stops, life stops.

Just a single ricin molecule is capable of inactivating 1,500 ribosomes per minute as it kills the cell.

You may feel the effects within a few hours, but ricin is generally a slow acting poison, taking 1-3 days to cause death.

Hence its popularity with assassins over the years who want to distance themselves from their crime.

The tiny platinum plug found in Markov's leg had two tiny channels drilled into it, each able to hold about 1/5 of a milligram of the poison.

But that was more than enough to kill Markov or any other human.

And the toxicity of ricin can change depending on how it enters the body.

Taken orally its LD50 is about 20 milligrams per kilogram of bodyweight,

about 8 castor beans worth of the poison,

but if it's injected, like the way Markov got it, it's just 1 tiny microgram per kilogram.

Antidotes to ricin, sad to say, are still in the early stages of development, but because ricin takes several days to kill,

compounds are being investigated that can block it from reaching ribosomes in new cells in the body.

And strangely enough ricin is also being investigated as a possible cancer treatment,

because of its ability to trigger that protein-stopping self destruct mechanism in cells,