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  • >>Pablos Holman: So, yeah, I'm a hacker, and nothing bad has ever happened to me. So I'm

  • working on trying to import problems from other places and work on those.

  • I want to show you a little bit about how hackers think.

  • This is a buddy of ours named Samy. Samy served three years for crashing MySpace with a virus

  • he was using to try and pick up chicks by changing all their pages to say, "Samy is

  • my hero," and automatically adding them as his friend on MySpace, which got him, like,

  • over a million friends in under 24 hours, which is pretty cool.

  • But Samy is allowed to use a computer again. Anybody here use this maps program?

  • Samy figured out that the way Google knows about the traffic is that your phones report

  • what's going on as you're driving around. And so he started just sending fake data to

  • Google Maps that says, you know, there's a lot of people out on the roads that I'm about

  • to drive on. So what Samy does --

  • [ Laughter ] -- just for fun, you know. The reason I'm

  • telling you about Samy and I wish I had time to tell you more about hackers, is he has

  • a different kind of brain than you do. His brain is a really important natural resource,

  • and we're using it for all the wrong things; right? Clearly.

  • An example I've used before is if you get a new gadget and show it to your mom or your

  • grandma, she might ask you, well, what does this do? And you can explain. Well, it's like

  • an iPhone. You stick it on your head, mom. And she would understand that; right?

  • But if you give a new gadget to Samy, which actually happens all the time, the question

  • is different. The question is what can I make this do? And he'll take all the screws out,

  • break it into a lot of little pieces and then figure out what he can build from the rubble;

  • right? That discovery process is fundamental to invention,

  • it's fundamental to innovation. That is where every new thing we ever get comes from. And

  • you can't skip that part, or you don't get anything new.

  • So what's going on now is humans are running this grand experiment. We're trying to figure

  • out every day how do we keep more people alive on just one planet. More people, no additional

  • planets. And the only thing that we can do is invent

  • our way out of this. And so we're trying to find ways to scale up invention.

  • This is a protocol diagram that hackers would use. It's for a crypto system that's built

  • into your Web browser called SSL. And that's what encrypts your credit card numbers and

  • passwords. That is really boring shit. But what hackers will do is attack every point

  • in this protocol; right? What happens if I send a date from the future? What happens

  • if I send two responses instead of one? What happens if I send a zero instead of a one?

  • I might get a computer to break. And if I can get it to break in one way, maybe I can

  • get it to break in some other way, like a way that makes you my friend on MySpace or

  • Facebook, or gives me your credit card number or maybe does something more constructive.

  • This is anopheles stephensi. She is a female mosquito carrying malaria in Africa, and she

  • kills about a million people a year. Half of them are kids under five; right?

  • And this is a protocol diagram for malaria. It spends some of its lifetime in humans,

  • some of its life in a mosquito. It's very complicated. We don't actually understand

  • everything about how this works, but what I do in my lab where I work is I hire hackers

  • to attack every point in this protocol, and we try to figure out how can we intervene?

  • How can we stop that? How can we solve a problem that's big?

  • This is the old fashioned way of going after malaria. We just spray chemicals that kill

  • everything; right? You hope some of the good stuff comes back.

  • This is a real ad from, like, the '40s where we were teaching kids to sing that "DDT is

  • good for me." It's not actually good for you. [ Laughter ]

  • It's still an important part of how we're going to attack malaria, but we're trying

  • to add tools to the arsenal and figure out how to deal with that.

  • So one of our crazy ideas was what if we could find mosquitoes with computers and shoot them

  • down with laser beams, which sounds like fun. Pretty much whatever your problem is, we have

  • a solution involving laser beams. So this is us tracking mosquitoes in real

  • time. And what we do is use a computer to sample their wing frequency.

  • We can go to the next video. And what they do -- this is a mosquito we

  • lit up with an ultraviolet laser, so she's not coming back. This is very satisfying stuff

  • because not even PETA comes to save mosquitoes. Like, you can kill as many as you want.

  • [ Laughter ] So, you know, people with guns, let's just

  • give them lasers and let them go after mosquitoes. It will be fine.

  • This is kind of before we tuned our lasers and we just totally vaporized the mosquitoes,

  • which is also rewarding and fun. But the point is what's going on here is that

  • we've used computers, and we've taken the advancements that Moore's law gave us. We

  • compute the value of the life of every individual bug before we shoot it down. That's unprecedented

  • for humans, right? We've never had that kind of computation to throw around, and now we

  • do. And our imaginations are not keeping up. You

  • have a supercomputer in your pocket and you are using it to play, like, you know, fart

  • apps or dots or something. This is not the limit of what we can do with these computers.

  • We are at the beginning of figuring it out. I'm not going to go into more detail on this,

  • but the rough idea is we put lasers on fence posts, around a building, or a village and

  • shoot mosquitoes as they fly towards humans. Eventually, we realized, oh, we can protect

  • crops, too, with an organic photonic pesticide. All kinds of possibilities.

  • But this is again -- we just cheat at invention by using Moore's law to scale others haven't

  • tried yet. So this is all taking place in our lab. This

  • is our machine shop. The lab is called Intellectual Ventures Lab. And what we do is we try to

  • take on the biggest problems we can find. Our business model is a little different because

  • we don't make any products. We just work on invention.

  • We can prototype things here. We basically just bought one of every tool in the world,

  • hired one of every kind of scientist. This is our warehouse. Another 8,000 tools that

  • don't fit in the lab. But I can have them in a couple hours if I need them for a project.

  • And that's a way of cheating at invention and being faster.

  • So I'm going to show you a couple quick things that we work on. This is a cubic mile of oil.

  • Earlier today you heard that a cubic mile is enough space to hold all the humans on

  • earth. That's a huge amount. Well, a cubic mile of oil is how much energy we used in

  • about the year 2000, right? This is what we use today, 3 1/2 cubic miles of oil. That's

  • how much energy we use. Some of it is coal, but...

  • If we keep on with what we're doing and we enact all of our brilliant policies for reducing

  • energy consumption, we only need an additional 1.8 cubic miles by 2035, right?

  • If we do a really great job and reduce our energy consumption a lot, we only need 1.4.

  • Pretty good, huh? We need a lot of energy. We need a lot of energy. This is how much

  • energy we need by 2050 because we are going to run out of oil and coal. We got to come

  • up with other ways of getting this. It is a lot. More than people ever visualize.

  • These guys are useful. You know, that seems like a free way to get energy. I mean it is

  • modulo the cost of building windmills. But if you take those guys, windmills, turbines,

  • state-of-the-art turbines and you put them over the entire -- all the fly-over states,

  • then you get one cubic mile of oil worth of energy. And then what happens? You are going

  • to run out of space and they are going to end up in your backyard, right? So, you know,

  • we love windmills but you might want to think about what's going to happen when it's not

  • just in your neighbor's backyard. So this gets kind of interesting. It turns

  • out we've got this amazing shit right here. That can, the size of a Coor's Light has 1.8

  • million times the energy density of oil, right? That can is worth 120,000 barrels worth of

  • oil in energy. If you sat at a gas station and put gas in your Prius and let it run and

  • run until the bill was $12 million, that's how much energy we have in one can of uranium.

  • It is pretty good stuff. We don't know how to use it in a way we're happy with.

  • This is what happens. We dig that stuff out of the ground. We put it through a complicated

  • enrichment program, and we end up with all this nuclear waste. Right? Stockpiles of nuclear

  • waste. And what's going on is after we enrich that fuel, we get .7% of the energy out. The

  • other 99.3% is sitting in nuclear waste stockpiles because, well, frankly, the process is fairly

  • inefficient. So we invented a new type of nuclear reactor

  • that's powered by nuclear waste. We take the stuff from the stockpile, we put it in our

  • reactor, and that fuel gets enriched inside the reactor and burned inside the reactor.

  • And it is a lot more efficient. This is neutron bombardment, which I'm sure is rudimentary

  • to everyone in the room, so I'm going to skip that. We don't have time.

  • But, going back to my fake pie chart here, if I burn that fuel in my reactor, I get all

  • the other energy out, right? And that's worth doing. That's worth figuring out. We don't

  • have a lot of people trying to invent new types of nuclear reactors, and we need a lot

  • more. We have hardly any competition in this right now.

  • We're the only ones and that's not very cool. Our team is made up of, like, these old guys

  • who we pulled out of retirement that were interns on the first generation of reactors

  • 50 years ago and then some, like, young guys who just got their degrees and think it is

  • cool. There is no one in the middle. Nobody has been working on this stuff. We need to

  • work on this stuff. This stockpile in Kentucky has 700,000 metric

  • tons of depleted uranium. If we burn that stuff in our reactors, we can power the entire

  • planet, including growth, for about a thousand years. And we don't even have to dig up more

  • uranium. That is wasteful. So remember these guys? Anybody here today

  • from that? No, okay? Well, see if you can find yourself on this chart. All right.

  • [ Laughter ] >>Pablos Holman: So the interesting thing

  • is these guys, including all of us, you know, look, we all won, okay? You are the winners.

  • That's why you're here hanging out with me. It is exciting. But since you won, you have

  • a grave responsibility, okay? As do I. Like I said at the beginning, I don't have any

  • actual problems of my own. Let's go find some to work on.

  • [ Laughter ] >>Pablos Holman: So these guys are the top

  • 14% globally, okay, you and me and all the 99% sleeping on the streets in Manhattan.

  • Top 14, they won, too. Top 14, that's pretty good if you remember Malcolm Gladwell's chart.

  • Top 14% in the school, that's the pool you want to hire from. Not too bad, right?

  • So what we think is that, you know, we don't need more fart apps for the iPhone. What we

  • do need is to take on the bigger problems that humans have. And you guys should be doing

  • that. This is a big problem that humans have. We

  • take vaccines. We put them in a $2 Styrofoam cooler, truck them across the Sahara, and

  • start injecting kids. And we get about a 50% failure rate. A quarter million people a year

  • die this way, right? So we invented this thing. It is kind of a

  • super Thermos. You take that. You put vaccines in it. You truck it across the Sahara, and

  • it will keep vaccines cold for months on end with no external power. There is no actual

  • way to plug this in. It doesn't have a power jack. You guys can come and play with it afterwards

  • if you want. It just stays cold. I ship them to Africa and they come back cold. Just stays

  • cold. So that's a way of keeping vaccines cold and not having to worry about it. These

  • things keep vaccines cold for four hours. And we just inject kids with vaccines gone

  • bad. That doesn't work. Last thing I will show you real quickly, this

  • is an antenna. Pipe organ, right? Each of those antenna make a different frequency.

  • So high frequency, little antennas. Big antennas make low frequencies. That's what you think

  • of as a big, old analog antenna. The way we made music was analog until we

  • came up with these guys. What's that? That's a pile of computer chips. And what does it

  • do? It synthesizes all the sounds you can make with those antenna and more, right?

  • Computers took over. All your music is made that way. So we've been working in an area

  • of science that's kind of new called meta materials. These are materials don't exist

  • in nature but we can manufacture. So one of the problems we started attacking

  • is if you have got a satellite dish on the ground, that's what these domes on boats are,

  • or that dish in a predator drone, it is a physically steerable dish so that you can

  • aim it at a satellite and talk to it, right? It's big and heavy and expensive. If there

  • is an LEO satellite whizzing by, you have a steerable dish in the ground to talk to

  • it. So what we did is we invented this new type

  • of antenna. It is a flat panel. I will show you. It looks kind of like that. But it can

  • electronically steer a beam with no moving parts, right?

  • I actually brought one -- this is like the commercial product we're working on. So this

  • thing can steer a beam and aim at a satellite dish. This is a way of getting gigabyte wireless

  • to everyone on the planet. Right now every satellite we put up is an LEO satellite. It

  • has got more communications capacity than the entire network did last year. But we can't

  • talk to them without these big, heavy, mechanical dishes.

  • I can duct tape that to the side of a building. It will find satellites and track them. That's

  • a way to scale wireless infrastructure beyond what we can imagine the way we do it now.

  • So, anyway, I'm running out of time. I will get out of here. Thanks so much. I will be

  • around if folks want to come chat afterwards.

>>Pablos Holman: So, yeah, I'm a hacker, and nothing bad has ever happened to me. So I'm

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Pablos Holman - Zeitgeist Americas 2013 (Pablos Holman - Zeitgeist Americas 2013)

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    VoiceTube に公開 2021 年 01 月 14 日
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