It feels like this is just how humans exist and always existed.

人間の生活は昔から

But, it's not.

変わらないように思える

Never before have we humans lived in a world as sophisticated and engineered to our needs as today.

でも それは違う

Giving us the luxury to forget about ourselves and not worry about survival.

これまでの人間の世界に

Food, shelter, security – all of this is, more or less, taken for granted.

今のような技術は存在しなかった

But we're a special few; for more than 99.99% of human history, life was completely different.

今は生存のための心配はない

And there's no such thing as just one human history.

食料 家 セキュリティは

Our story begins 6 million years ago, when the tribe of hominini split and our relationship with the apes ended.

今当然のようにあるが

2.8 million years ago, the genus of homo, the first humans, emerged.

人類の歴史の99.99％においては

We like to think about ourselves as the only humans, but this is far from the truth.

当然ではなかった

When we, homo sapiens sapiens, came into existence 200,000 years ago, there were at least six other human species around.

私たちは全く別の世界にいた

Cousins of comparable intelligence and ability, which must have been incredibly scary, kind of like living with aliens.

人類の話は600万年前

Some of them were very successful.

ヒト族が猿から分かれた時に始まる

Homo erectus, for example, survived for 2 million years.

280万年前

Ten times longer than modern humans have existed.

ヒト属 最初の人類が現れた

The last of the other humans disappeared around 10,000 years ago.

現れた人類は１種類だけではない

We don't know what caused them to die out.

私たちの種が生まれた20万年前は

Modern humans have at least a few percent of neanderthal and other human DNA, so there was some mixing,

他に６種類の人類がいた

but certainly not enough to be a merger between species.

能力が近い種との共存は危険で

So we don't know if our cousins went away because they lost the battle over resources, or because of a series of minor genocides.

エイリアンと住むようなものだ

Either way, only we remain.

その中の一種

Back to the beginnings of humanity.

ホモ・エレクトスは200万年存在した

2.8 million years ago, early humans used tools, but did not make a lot of progress for nearly 2 million years.

現世人類より10倍長い期間だ

Until they learned to control fire.

最後の種が消えたのは１万年前

Fire meant cooking, which made food more nutritious, which contributed to the development of our brain.

原因はわかっていない

It also produced light and warmth, which made days longer and winters less gruesome.

現世人は他の種のDNAを数％持つ

On top of that, it not only scared predators away, it could also be used for hunting.

つまり交わっていたが

A torched wood or grassland provided small animals, nuts and tubers that were pre-roasted.

同化はしなかった

From 300,000 years ago, most of the different human species lived in small hunter-gatherer societies.

彼らは資源争いで負けたのか

They had fire, wood and stone tools, planned for the future, buried their dead, and had cultures of their own.

殺戮が繰り返されたのか

But most importantly, they spoke to each other.

結局 私たちだけが残った

Probably in a kind of proto-language, less complex than ours.

始まりに戻ろう

If we had a time machine, how far would we be able to go back,

人類は道具を使っていたが

steal a few babies and raise them today without anyone noticing that they're a bit different?

200万年間 特に進歩はなかった

There is much debate.

火を見つけるまでは

Anatomically, modern humans emerged 200,000 years ago,

火で調理が可能になり 栄養が増え

but probably 70,000 years is as far as we could travel back and still snatch a behaviourally modern human.

脳の発達へと繋がった

Before that, the babies would probably lack a few crucial gene mutations

また光と熱は

Necessary to build a brain with modern language and abstract thinking abilities.

夜や冬の活動に役立った

At some point, around 50,000 years ago, there was an explosion in innovation.

何より 動物と戦い 狩るのに使えた

Tools and weapons became more sophisticated and culture became more complex,

森を燃やせば

because at this point, humans had a multi-purpose brain,

小動物や木の実が手に入った

and a more advanced language to communicate information with each other effectively,

30万年前からは 多くの人類は

and down to the last detail.

狩猟採集社会に住んだ

This allowed much closer cooperation, and is what really makes us different from any other creature on Earth.

火と石器の道具を使い 計画を立て

Not our comparatively weak bodies and inferior senses,

死者を埋葬し 文化を持った

but the ability to cooperate flexibly in large groups, unlike, for example, rigid beehives

そして重要なことに 会話をした

or intimate, but tiny wolf packs.

言語は単純なものだっただろう

As our brain evolved, we became able to do something, life had been unable to do up to this point.

タイムマシンで過去に戻れたとして

One – expand knowledge quickly.

大昔の赤ちゃんを誘拐して育てたら

Two – preserve the knowledge gained over generations.

違いは出るのか？

Three – build on past knowledge, to gain even deeper insight.

多くの議論がある

This seems daft, but until then, information had to be passed on from generation to generation,

現世人類の出現は20万年前だが

mostly through genetics, which is not efficient.

今と同じような行動をしていたのは

Still, for the next 40,000 years, human life remained more or less the same.

７万年前からだ

There was little to build upon.

もしかしたらそれ以前の人の脳には

Our ancestors were only one animal among many.

複雑な言語は難しいかもしれない

Building a skyscraper without knowing what a house is… is hard.

そして今から５万年前

But while it is easy to be arrogant in our attitude to our ancestors, this would be ignorant.

イノベーションが起きた

Humans 50,000 years ago were survival specialists.

道具は洗練され 文化は複雑化した

They had a detailed mental map of their territory,

この時 人類は多目的な脳と

their senses were fine-tuned to the environment,

情報を効率的に伝えられる

they knew and memorized a great amount of information about plants and animals.

高度な言語を獲得したのだ

They could make complicated tools that required years of careful training and very fine motor skills

これが協力を強化し

Their bodies compared to our athletes today just because of their daily routines,

他の生物との違いを生み出した

and they lived a rich social life within their tribe

個体の体は比較的弱かったが

Survival required so many skills that the average brain volume of early modern humans

集団で協力することで力を得た

might even have been bigger than it is today

ミツバチや狼も上回る団結力だ

As a group we know more today, but as individuals our ancestors were superior to us

脳の発達は

But then around 12,000 years ago, in multiple locations, humans developed agriculture.

人に 人にしかできない能力を与えた

Everything changed very quickly.

１. 知識を速く広める

Before, survival as a hunter and forager required superb physical and mental abilities in all fields from everybody

２. 知識を次の世代に伝える

With the rise of the agricultural age, individuals could increasingly rely on the skills of others for survival.

３. 過去の知識を発展させ 深める

This meant that some of them could specialize.

小さなことのようだが

Maybe they worked on better tools, maybe they took time to breed more resistant crops or better livestock,

それでも世代間の情報伝達では

Maybe they started inventing things.

遺伝子よりも効果的に行える

As farming got more and more efficient, what we call civilization began

次の４万年間は

Agriculture gave us a reliable and predictable food source,

特に変化はなかった

which allowed humans to hoard food on a large scale for the first time,

人は動物の中の一つに過ぎなかった

which is much easier to do with grains than meat,

知識なしに高層ビルは建てられない

The food stock required protection, which led to communities living together in tighter spaces

祖先を見下すのは簡単だが

First, early defense structures were built, the need for organization grew

やめた方がいい

The more organized we got, the faster things became efficient

５万年前の人類は

Villages became cities, cities became kingdoms, kingdoms became empires

サバイバルのプロだった

Connections between humans exploded which led to opportunities to exchange knowledge

地理を詳細に記憶し

Progress became exponential

感覚は鋭く研ぎ澄まされ

About 500 years ago the Scientific Revolution began

植物と動物について知り抜いていた

Mathematics, Physics, Astronomy, Biology, and Chemistry transformed everything we thought we knew

訓練を要する複雑な道具を使い

The Industrial Revolution followed soon after laying the foundation for the modern world

身体能力も高かった

As our overall efficiency grew exponentially,

今日のアスリート並の体は

more people could spend their lifetime contributing to the progress of humanity

日々の生活の賜物だ

Revolutions kept happening.

部族で豊かに暮らしていた

The invention of the computer, its evolution into a medium we all use on a daily basis,

サバイバルにはスキルが必要なので

and the rise of the Internet shaped our world

脳は今より大きかったと考えられる

It's hard to grasp how fast all of that happened

知識は増えたが

It's been about 125,000 generations since the emergence of the first human species

個人としては祖先の方が優れていた

About 7,500 generations since the physiologically modern humans saw the light of day

しかし１万2000年前 様々な場所で

500 generations ago, what we call civilization began

人類は農業を始めた

20 generations ago, we learned how to do science

そしてすべて変わった

And the Internet became available to most people only one generation ago

それまでは生き残るために

Today we live in the most prosperous age humanity has ever experienced

あらゆる分野の能力が必要だったが

We have transformed this planet, from the composition of its atmosphere to large-scale changes in its landscape

農業の時代には

and also in terms of the other animals in existence.

仕事を他の人に頼めるようになった

We light up the night with artificial stars and put people in a metal box in the sky

分業が始まったのだ

Some have even walked on our Moon

道具を改良して

We put robots on other planets

穀物や家畜を次々に育てていった

We've looked deep into the past of the universe with mechanical eyes

ものの発明も始めた

Our knowledge and our way of acquiring and storing more of it has exploded

農業は効率を増し 文明が始まった

The average high school student today knows more about the universe than a scholar a few centuries ago

安定した食料資源によって

Humans dominate this planet, even if our rule is very fragile

食料の大規模な貯蔵が始められ

We are still not that different from our ancestors 70,000 years ago

肉より多くの穀物を得た

But your lifestyle has existed for less than 0.001% of human history

蔵を守る必要性から

From here on, there's no saying what the future holds for us

人々は小さな場所に集まると

We're building a skyscraper, but we're not sure if it's standing on a solid foundation

防御の設備と 運営組織を作った

or if we're building it on quicksand

組織は次第に効率を高めた

Let's leave it with that for now

村は町に 町は王国になり

The next time you miss your train, your burger is not hot enough, or someone cuts in line

王国は帝国になった

Remember how special this made-up human world is

人々の繋がりが広がり

Maybe it's not worth being upset about all those little things.

知識の交換が行われると

This video was supported by audible.com/nutshell

進歩は爆発的になった

In the making of it, we used the book "Sapiens: a brief history of humankind" as one of the major sources.

そして500年前 科学革命が始まり

If you want to get to it, or any other for free and support us, go to audible.com/nutshell and get a free 30-day trial

数学 物理学 天文学 生物学 化学が

It's so hard to read books when you have the internet, so we can at least listen to them

知識のすべてを変えた

In general, we listen to a lot of audiobooks while designing our videos,

続けて産業革命が起き

so we can highly recommend audible

現代の基礎が築かれた

OK, so this was our first take on making a history-related video

効率化は加速していき

we'd love to make much more of them, but they take even more time than our average video.

多くの人が人類の進歩に貢献した

So we might do 3 or 4 a year.

革命は続いた

Your feedback's very welcome here

コンピューターが

Thank you so much for watching, and if you want to support us directly,

人々の生活に入り込み

you can do so on Patreon.

インターネットは世界を変えた

It really helps us out.

この速さは凄まじい

While you think about it, here are more videos, if you need more distraction.

今はヒト族が現れてから