"Light creates ambiance, light makes the feel of a space,

「照明は雰囲気を形成する

and light is also the expression of structure."

照明は空間感覚を作り出す

Well, that was not by me.

そして照明は構造の表現でもある」

That was, of course, by Le Corbusier, the famous architect.

私の言葉ではなく もちろん

And here you can see what he meant in one of his beautiful buildings --

有名な建築家である

the chapel Notre Dame Du Haut De Ronchamp --

ル・コルビュジエのものです

where he creates this light that he could only make because there's also dark.

彼の言わんとすることは

And I think that is the quintessence of this 18-minute talk --

彼の美しい建築作品の一つに表されています

that there is no good lighting that is healthy and for our well-being

ノートルダム デュ オー ロンシャン聖堂です

without proper darkness.

彼は暗闇を利用して

So this is how we normally would light our offices.

この照明を作りあげました

We have codes and standards that tell us that the lights should be so much Lux

これが私の今日の18分のトークの

and of great uniformity.

エッセンスであり

This is how we create uniform lighting from one wall to the other

我々にとって健やかな良い―

in a regular grid of lamps.

照明というのは適切な暗闇失くしては

And that is quite different from what I just showed you

成立しないということです

from Le Corbusier.

これはオフィスによくある照明です

If we would apply these codes and standards

照明の明るさや

to the Pantheon in Rome,

均一性を規定する

it would never have looked like this,

基準が存在します

because this beautiful light feature that goes around there all by itself

こうして壁から壁へ

can only appear because there is also darkness in that same building.

均一な照明を得るために

And the same is more or less what Santiago Calatrava said

光源を規則正しく並べています

when he said, "Light: I make it in my buildings for comfort."

この照明は先ほどお見せした

And he didn't mean the comfort of a five-course dinner

ル・コルビュジエのものとは

as opposed to a one-course meal,

全くの別物です

but he really meant the comfort

もしこのような基準や規則を

of the quality of the building for the people.

ローマのパンテオンに利用したら

He meant that you can see the sky and that you can experience the sun.

このようにはならないでしょう

And he created these gorgeous buildings where you can see the sky,

自然にドーム内を移動する

and where you can experience the sun,

この美しい光の造形を

that give us a better life in the built environment,

可能にしているのは

just because of the relevance of light in its brightness and also in its shadows.

内部にある暗闇だからです

And what it all boils down to is, of course, the sun.

「照明とは心地良さの為に作るもの」という

And this image of the Sun may suggest

サンティアゴ・カラトラバの言葉にも

that the Sun is something evil and aggressive,

このことが表現されています

but we should not forget

彼の意味した心地良さとは

that all energy on this planet actually comes from the Sun,

フルコース料理のそれとは違い

and light is only a manifestation of that energy.

真に 人の為に設計された

The sun is for dynamics, for color changes.

建物の質に由来するものでした

The sun is for beauty in our environment,

つまり空を見て太陽を

like in this building -- the High Museum in Atlanta,

感じることができる環境です

which has been created by Renzo Piano from Italy,

そして彼は 建物内の環境で

together with Arup Lighting, a brilliant team of lighting designers,

快適な生活が出来るように

who created a very subtle modulation of light across the space,

空を見て 太陽を感じられる

responding to what the sun does outside,

豪華な建築を手がけました

just because of all these beautiful openings in the roof.

これらは明暗の中の

So in an indirect way, you can see the sun.

光の関連性により実現しています

And what they did is they created an integral building element

行きつく先はもちろん太陽です

to improve the quality of the space that surrounds the visitors of the museum.

この太陽の画像はなにか攻撃的で

They created this shade that you can see here,

悪意あるものに見えるかもしれません

which actually covers the sun,

しかし地球上の全エネルギーは太陽に

but opens up to the good light from the sky.

由来することを忘れてはいけません

And here you can see how they really crafted a beautiful design process

光りとは単に このエネルギーの

with physical models,

目に見える部分なのです

with quantitative as well as qualitative methods,

太陽は明るさや色彩の変化をつかさどり

to come to a final solution that is truly integrated

私たちの住む環境に美をもたらします

and completely holistic with the architecture.

この建物はその良い例です

They allowed themselves a few mistakes along the way.

アトランタのハイ美術館の照明は

As you can see here, there's some direct light on the floor,

イタリア人のレンゾ･ピアノと

but they could easily figure out where that comes from.

素晴らしい照明デザイナーの集団

And they allow people in that building to really enjoy the sun,

アラップ照明との共同作品です

the good part of the sun.

彼らはこの空間内に

And enjoying the sun can be in many different ways, of course.

外の太陽光に対応する

It can be just like this,

微妙な光の変化を 演出しました

or maybe like this, which is rather peculiar,

微妙な光の変化を 演出しました

but this is in 1963 --

この美しい天窓のおかげで

the viewing of a sun eclipse in the United States.

間接的に太陽を

And it's just a bit bright up there,

望むことができるのです

so these people have found a very intriguing solution.

彼らは美術館の

This is, I think, a very illustrative image of what I try to say --

訪問客を取り巻く空間を

that the beautiful dynamics of sun, bringing these into the building,

より快適なものにしてくれる

creates a quality of our built environment that truly enhances our lives.

建築要素をデザインしました

And this is all about darkness

それがこの天窓のカバーです

as much as it is about lightness, of course,

このように

because otherwise you don't see these dynamics.

カバーは太陽を遮りながらも

As opposed to the first office

空から適度に光が入るよう開いています

that I showed you in the beginning of the talk,

そしてご覧のとおり

this is a well-known office, which is the Weidt Group.

模型をつくり

They are in green energy consulting, or something like that.

光の質や量を分析する

And they really practice what they preach

見事なデザイン プロセスで

because this office doesn't have any electric lighting at all.

建物と真に調和し

It has only, on one side, this big, big glass window

全体的にまとまった

that helps to let the sunlight enter deep into the space

デザインを創り上げました

and create a beautiful quality there and a great dynamic range.

この過程でもちろんミスもありました

So it can be very dim over there, and you do your work,

ご覧の通り 直接光があたっていますが

and it can be very bright over there, and you do your work.

どこから入り込んでいるか容易に把握できました

But actually, the human eye turns out to be remarkably adaptable

建物内にいる人に太陽のよい部分を

to all these different light conditions that together create an environment

本当に楽しんでいただくための

that is never boring and that is never dull,

設計がされています

and therefore helps us to enhance our lives.

太陽はもちろん

I really owe a short introduction of this man to you.

色々な方法で楽しむことができます

This is Richard Kelly who was born 100 years ago,

例えばこんな感じ

which is the reason I bring him up now, because it's kind of an anniversary year.

もしくはこう すこし変ですが

In the 1930s, Richard Kelly was the first person to really describe

じつは1963年

a methodology of modern lighting design.

人々が米国で日食を

And he coined three terms,

眺めている光景です

which are "focal glow," "ambient luminescence"

見上げると少し眩しいので

and "play of the brilliants" --

面白い対処法を思いついたようです

three very distinctly different ideas about light in architecture

これは私の考えをよく表していると思います

that all together make up this beautiful experience.

太陽の美しき変化

So to begin with, focal glow.

それを建物に取り込むことで

He meant something like this --

我々の生活を実に豊かにしてくれる環境を

where the light gives direction to the space

建物内に造ることができます

and helps you to get around.

ここで明るさの関連は当然ですが

Or something like this,

暗さももとても大切なのです

which is the lighting design he did for General Motors,

明暗が揃って この変化を生み出すからです

for the car showroom.

最初にお見せしたオフィスとは対照的に

And you enter that space,

こちらはよく知られている

and you feel like, "Wow! This is so impressive,"

ホワイトグループのオフィスです

just because of this focal point, this huge light source in the middle.

グリーンエネルギーのコンサルティングか何かをしています

To me, it is something from theater,

そして教えを本当に実践していて

and I will get back to that a little bit later.

このオフィスに電気照明は全くありません

It's the spotlight on the artist that helps you to focus.

オフィスの片側に

It could also be the sunlight that breaks through the clouds

この超巨大ガラス窓があり

and lights up a patch of the land,

内部スペースに太陽光を

highlighting it compared to the dim environment.

取り込む役割を果たしており

Or it can be in today's retail, in the shopping environment --

美と様々な明るさのゾーンを生み出しています

lighting the merchandise and creating accents that help you to get around.

とても薄暗いところで仕事をしたり

Ambient luminescence is something very different.

明るいところで仕事をしたりという感じです

Richard Kelly saw it as something infinite,

しかし実は人の目は

something without any focus,

異なる明るさのレベルにも

something where all details actually dissolve in infinity.

素晴らしい適応力を示し

And I see it as a very comfortable kind of light that really helps us to relax

これらが退屈で単調になりえない

and to contemplate.

環境を作り出しているのです

It could also be something like this:

つまり生活を豊かにしてくれるのです

the National Museum of Science in London,

この方を忘れるわけにはいきません

where this blue is embracing all the exhibitions and galleries

彼はリチャード・ケリーです

in one large gesture.

ちょうど100年前に生まれたので

And then finally,

紹介するにはふさわしいかと

Kelly's play of brilliants added to that

記念の年みたいに思っていますから

really some play, I think, of the skyline of Hong Kong,

1930年代 リチャード･ケリーは初めて

or perhaps the chandelier in the opera house,

現代の照明デザインの

or in the theater here,

方法論を まとめました

which is the decoration, the icing on the cake, something playful,

彼は３つの用語を作りました

something that is just an addition to the architectural environment,

「フォーカルグロウ」

I would say.

「アンビエント照明」

These three distinct elements, together,

｢ブリリアントの役割」です

make a lighting environment that helps us to feel better.

建築界の照明に関する

And we can only create these out of darkness.

全く異なる考えが

And I will explain that further.

揃うことでこの美しい

And I guess that is something that Richard Kelly, here on the left,

感覚を作り出すのです

was explaining to Ludwig Mies van Der Rohe.

まず「フォーカルグロウ」です

And behind them, you see that Seagram Building

彼の言わんとしたことはこうです

that later turned into an icon of modern lighting design.

照明が空間に方向性を与え

Those times, there were some early attempts

人々を導く役をします

also for light therapy already.

これは彼がゼネラルモーターズの

You can see here a photo

ショールームのためにデザインしたものです

from the United States Library of Medicine,

この空間に入れば感じるでしょう

where people are put in the sun to get better.

「わぉ！ これは衝撃的だね」

It's a little bit of a different story, this health aspect of light,

この焦点ですよね

than what I'm telling you today.

中央の巨大な光源です

In today's modern medicine,

劇場が頭に浮かびますが

there is a real understanding of light in an almost biochemical way.

その話は後程もう少ししましょう

And there is the idea that, when we look at things,

アーティストへの注目を促す

it is the yellow light that helps us the most,

スポットライトや

that we are the most sensitive for.

雲を貫く太陽光もこの部類に入ります

But our circadian rhythms,

地上の一部を照らすことで

which are the rhythms that help us to wake and sleep

そこを強調して

and be alert and relaxed and so forth and so on,

薄暗い部分との対比をします

they are much more triggered by blue light.

今日の小売販売の環境でも使われています

And by modulating the amount of blue in our environment,

商品をライトアップしアクセントを与え

we can help people to relax, or to be alert,

消費者が集まるようにします

to fall asleep, or to stay awake.

「アンビエント照明」は全く異なるものです

And that is how, maybe in the near future, light can help hospitals

リチャード・ケリーはこれを何か無限なもので

to make people better sooner, recover them quicker.

焦点など存在せず

Maybe in the airplane, we can overcome jet lag like that.

詳細は 限りない背景に

Perhaps in school, we can help children to learn better

溶け込むようなものと捉えました

because they concentrate more on their work.

私はこれをとても心地良い照明つまり

And you can imagine a lot more applications.

リラックスや瞑想の

But I would like to talk further

手助けとなるものと思っています

about the combination of light and darkness

こんな感じでの利用も可能です

as a quality in our life.

ロンドンの国立科学博物館です

So light is, of course, for social interaction also --

この青色が

to create relationships with all the features around us.

ひとつの大きな手のように

It is the place where we gather around

展示品とギャラリーを包みこんでいます

when we have to say something to each other.

最後にケリーの「ブリリアントの役割」です

And it is all about this planet.

香港のスカイラインや

But when you look at this planet at night,

オペラハウスのシャンデリアがこの部類です

it looks like this.

もしくはこの劇場の

And I think this is the most shocking image in my talk today.

デコレーションのように

Because all this light here goes up to the sky.

何かを更に完璧にする物や

It never reaches the ground where it was meant for.

遊び心ある物＿ つまり

It never is to the benefit of people.

建築空間の追加物とでも言っておきましょう

It only spoils the darkness.

これら３つの要素が合わさり

So at a global scale, it looks like this.

我々が快適と思える

And, I mean, that is quite amazing, what you see here --

照明環境を生み出すのです

how much light goes up into the sky and never reaches the ground.

これを生み出すのに闇は必須です

Because if we look at the Earth the way it should be,

更に詳しく説明しますが

it would be something like this very inspiring image

左に写っているケリーは この事を

where darkness is for our imagination and for contemplation

ミース・ファン・デル・ローエに説明したのでしょう

and to help us to relate to everything.

後ろにはシーグラムビルが見えます

The world is changing though,

時を経て現代の

and urbanization is a big driver of everything.

照明デザインのアイコンとなりました

I took this photo two weeks ago in Guangzhou,

当時は光線療法の初期段階の

and I realized that 10 years ago,

試みも行われていました

there was nothing like this, of these buildings.

これは 米国国立医学図書館でみつけた写真です

It was just a much smaller city,

健康改善のため太陽光を浴びせられています

and the pace of urbanization is incredible and enormous.

この光線の健康面は

And we have to understand these main questions:

私が今日話していることとは

How do people move through these new urban spaces?

少し違うものです

How do they share their culture?

今日の現代医学では

How do we tackle things like mobility?

生化学的観点で光に関する

And how can light help there?

正しい理解が存在しています

Because the new technologies,

そしてなにかを眺める際に

they seem to be in a really interesting position

我々を最も助けてくれるのは

to contribute to the solutions of urbanization

我々が最も敏感な黄色の光である

and to provide us with better environments.

という考えが存在します

It's not that long ago

しかし起床と睡眠―

that our lighting was just done with these kinds of lamps.

注意とリラックスを促す

And of course, we had the metal-halide lamps

サーカディアンリズムと呼ばれるものの

and fluorescent lamps and things like that.

引き金は青いライトです

Now we have LED,

環境内で青色の光線量を

but here you see the latest one, and you see how incredibly small it is.

調整することによって

And this is exactly what offers us a unique opportunity,

リラックスや緊張､睡眠や居眠り防止を

because this tiny, tiny size allows us

促進することが出来ます

to put the light wherever we really need it.

こうした方法を使って

And we can actually leave it out where it's not needed at all

近い将来にも

and where we can preserve darkness.

病院内の照明を調節し

So that is a really interesting proposition, I think,

患者の回復を促進できるであろうと

and a new way of lighting the architectural environment

考えられているのです