Name: レオナルド・ディカプリオと現実の本質。クラッシュ・コース・フィロソフィー #4 (Leonardo DiCaprio & The Nature of Reality: Crash Course Philosophy #4)
Uploaded: 2021-01-14T06:05:56.000Z
Duration: 9 min 3 s
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基礎受動態

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We’ve spent a couple of lessons thinking about how philosophers reason.

Now it’s time to do some actual philosophy.

And one of the most important hallmarks of philosophical thought is that

you should never take things at face value.

You should always be willing to accept that there’s more to the world than meets the eye.

Because, whatever truth seems obvious today, might turn out to be not so true at all.

It’s one of the more daunting pursuits in philosophy -- pondering what’s really real,

as opposed to what you think is real, and how you could ever know the difference.

Fortunately, there are some guides who can help you on your journey, when you’re exploring the nature of reality.

And you know who’s really helpful here? Leonardo DiCaprio.

I mean, I guess you could say that a lot actors can transport you to another reality if they’re good enough.

I’m talking about Inception, that movie where Leo plays a thief who steals ideas from

A super-handy ability if you want to, say, steal corporate secrets from a CEO, or military plans from a head of state.

But after a while, it becomes hard for some members of Leo’s team to tell the difference

between one dream and another, or to discern dreams from reality.

The whole film is populated with people who live in a dream world, convinced they’re living real-life.

To them, the dream is all there is – it has become their reality.

But from the perspective of those outside the dream, who see their sleeping bodies,

the reality they’re chasing is simply false.

It’s a real cool premise for a movie. I haven’t ruined it for you -- you can still

watch it. And the fact is, the same concept has been around for thousands of years.

The basic question that Inception asks has vexed philosophers all the way back to the

Is it possible that my current reality isn’t real at all?

Before we had Leonardo DiCaprio to walk us through this question we had Plato.

Around 2400 years ago, Plato wrote his famous book, The Republic, in which he describes

-- probably better than anyone before or since -- the nature of reality.

He does it by telling a story about prisoners who have been chained since birth in a dark cave, facing a blank wall.

All kinds of people and objects pass behind the prisoners, and a fire casts the shadows

of those things onto the wall in front of the prisoners.

These shadow images are all the prisoners ever see, and they come to understand the shadows as reality.

Now just hold up a minute and imagine what your view of the world would be like, if all

you’ve ever seen are shadows. You wouldn’t know that there was anything more.

The prisoners spend their whole lives understanding only this shadow reality, until one day one

of them escapes from his chains, and crawls into the daylight.

After spending a lifetime in fire-lit darkness, the man is blinded by the sun at first.

But in time, he comes to see the things outside the cave are far more real than the shadow

They have substance. They occupy an extra dimension.

Think about how that would feel. To suddenly realize that everything you believed just

minutes ago turned out to be merely faint outlines of reality.

This is what happens to a lot of the characters who inhabit the world of Inception:

Once they realize there can be multiple layers of reality, they never look at the world around them the same way again.

And for many of them, the experience becomes intoxicating.

This is also what happens to Plato’s escaped prisoner.

He goes back into the cave to tell his friends the exciting news about what he’s found.

But the conversation doesn’t go the way he thinks it will.

He expects them to be amazed by his discovery -- he figures they’ll be as eager to join

But they all think he’s crazy. As far as they’re concerned, he’s babbling about

some “higher reality” that they’ve never seen, or heard of, or have any evidence for.

To make matters worse, going back into the fire-lit cave, after being in the sunlight,

So, from his friends’ perspective, his journey into the outside world has actually damaged him,

because now he can’t even see the shadow images that were once his whole world.

Now, you don’t have to be Plato, or Christopher Nolan, to dream this stuff up.

In fact, you might have experienced a diluted version of this kind of reality-shock for yourself.

For example: Do you remember your first teddy bear?

That bear was, philosophically speaking, your only contact with,

and your only way of understanding, the concept of a bear.

Then one day, you went to a zoo, or a wildlife refuge, or a national park, and you saw an actual bear.

And suddenly you realized that your previous understanding of ‘bear’ was way, way off.

Bears don’t have button eyes and little smiles made of thread. They’re not soft. You couldn’t hug one.

The bear you spent your first years of life snuggling with, was just a shadowy imitation

Now, check out this somewhat more mature example:

Maybe you were the first member of your tweeny group of friends to discover the wonders of

romantic attraction. You might’ve felt like your eyes were open to a whole new world that

And when you tried to explain to them what had happened to you? And how you felt?

They probably thought you were crazy. And the feeling was probably mutual.

And this is what our poor protagonist goes through when he re-enters the cave.

It’s not just about little a-ha moments, like when we discovered that bears and boys

were not what we once thought they were. It’s more than that.

Plato wants us to see that we, right now, are prisoners in a cave.

Everything in our world is actually a mere shadow of a higher reality.

Just as the man in the story once mistook shadows for real things, we are currently

But rather than mistaking shadows for the material objects of the ordinary world, our

mistake is thinking that the material objects of the ordinary world are the most real things.

In fact, Plato says, the physical world that we think is the most real, is actually a mere shadow of a higher truth.

If this surprises you, think about how many beliefs were once accepted as absolute fact

– only to later turn out to be completely false –

The shape of the earth. The idea that the Earth was the center of the universe.

The belief that heroin, and tobacco, and lobotomies were good for people.

Those so-called facts turned out to be far from the truth.

So, there’s a lot packed into this little story.

Plato is urging you to consider that the world is not really as it seems.

And making a statement about philosophy. Doing philosophy is hard.

Accepting that much of what you’ve always believed might actually be false can make you uncomfortable.

You may learn just enough to know that your old beliefs aren’t reliable, but you don’t

yet know enough to feel comfortable with these new ideas, either.