Name: 13.デオントロジー (13. Deontology)
Uploaded: 2021-01-14T04:20:20.000Z
Duration: 46 min 13 s
Description: VoiceTubeの動画で発音を聞きながら英語表現を覚えよう！学べる英語：

PROFESSOR: OK, so what I want to do today is to finish up

基礎受動態

the lecture that we were engaged with last week about

utilitarianism and then to move on to what is perhaps the

most dead-guy-on-Tuesday lecture of the semester, that

is, an explanation of the philosophy of Immanuel Kant.

So in order to make up for the fact that the second part of

the lecture is fairly dry, we'll have a couple of clicker

questions in the first part of the lecture.

OK, so as you recall from our lecture last class, John

Stuart Mill, in the selections from Utilitarianism that we

read, says two extraordinarily famous things that serve in

some ways as the heart of the utilitarian view.

The first thing that he says is that he articulates what's

known as the greatest happiness principle.

This is a principle that's supposed to tell you what it

And what Mill says is, there's a proportionality between the

rightness of the act and something that it produces.

In particular, a proportionality between the

rightness of the act and the amount of happiness it

produces, regardless of how that happiness is distributed.

In particular he says "actions are right in proportion as

they tend to promote happiness, they're wrong as

they tend to promote the reverse of happiness," and the

happiness with which we're concerned is not the agent's

own happiness but "the happiness of all concerned."

The second extraordinarily famous saying that he says in

the opening passages of Utilitarianism is that the

motive with which an act is performed is irrelevant to the

He says the motive has nothing to do with the

"He who saves another creature from drowning does what is

morally right, whether his motive be duty or the hope of

So we might summarize what these principles say, as

saying that the first one tells us that what matters for

the morality of an act is the aggregate amount of happiness

And what we're concerned with here are aggregates, not

We're interested in how much good is done overall, not

where those pieces of good might happen to fall.

And what the second principle tells us is that what the

utilitarian, who is after all a consequentialist, is

They're interested in the outcome of the act, not the

process by which that outcome was achieved.

So the first reading that we did for last class was a

selection from Mill's Utilitarianism where he

And it's important to recognize that these get

something profoundly right about what we're thinking

about, I think, when we try to articulate what lies behind

It does seem right that what we're interested in is what

the world is like after a particular action is taken,

and to the extent that we're interested in what the world

is like, our primary interest is not in how that state of

affairs came about, but what that state of affairs is.

And our primary concern, if we're taking a moral stance,

is not in how much we ourselves have, but rather in

how much good there is in the world overall.

That said, there have been, since utilitarianism was

articulated, a classic set of objections which are raised to

the view, some of which we'll talk more about today, and

some of which we encountered in the selection from Bernard

Now you will all recall that Williams' discussion begins

with a story of a gentleman that he calls Jim, who finds

himself in a South American village that's run by a rather

And some of the citizens of that village have been

protesting the unsavory cowboy's leadership.

And so what the unsavory cowboy has done is he has

rounded up twenty of those villagers, and he's

planning--simply to show the others that he's in charge--to

When Jim arrives, Pedro the cowboy tells him that, if Jim

is willing to shoot one of the villagers, the other nineteen

The sheriff of the town has selected twenty people at

random to be shot, but if Jim is willing to kill one of them

Is the moral thing for Jim to do in this case to shoot the

one man, thereby liberating the other nineteen, or is the

right thing for him to do to refuse to shoot the one,

OK, so let's see how the numbers came out.

So almost 3/4 of you, actually more than 3/4 of you, think

that what the morally right thing for Jim to do in this

We'll have a chance next week to talk a lot in about these

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