Name: Lec-6 純物質の性質、蒸気テーブル (Lec-6 Property of Pure Substance, Steam Table)
Uploaded: 2021-01-14T05:58:38.000Z
Duration: 53 min 5 s
Description: VoiceTubeの動画で発音を聞きながら英語表現を覚えよう！学べる英語：

関係詞節（制限と非制限）

Good afternoon. Today, we will start a new topic that is, the properties of pure substances.

A pure substance can remain at a particular phase or can remain as a mixture of different

phases. By phase, we mean the state of the substance; it can be solid, it can be a liquid

phase and it can be either in vapour or in gas phase. There is a subtle different between

vapour and gas phase which we will know when we discuss further. Out of this particularly

when we will see the different engineering systems of our interest, we will find that

the working medium could be either in the liquid phase or in the vapour phase or gas

phase, or it could be a mixture of liquid and vapour phase. In engineering thermodynamics

or the branch of engineering thermodynamics which we are studying, there we will be concerned

with the determination of thermodynamic properties of liquids, vapours and gasses and the mixture

of liquid and vapour. There could be some properties of a solid material which are also

thermodynamic properties but we are not interested in that. Generally, a metallurgist or physicist

will discuss those properties and that is not within the discussion of the present course.

Let us say, we take a certain vapour in a piston cylinder arrangement and the piston

is loaded by a constant load like W. Inside this piston cylinder arrangement some vapour

is there  and we are transferring heat to this vapour at a slow rate, so that at any instant the

temperature of the vapour mass anywhere inside this piston cylinder arrangement is uniform

and constant. But, it is changing with time. That means as we are giving or supplying more

and more heat the temperature of the vapour mass as a whole is changing but it is not

changing from point to point. If we do this experiment and then if we try to measure its

different properties then what will we find? If we transfer heat and there is an expansion

of this vapour mass, there will be a change in volume. But, we are applying a constant

weight on the piston so the pressure remains constant. It is a constant pressure process.

The volume changes and there could be change in temperature. If we note down the change

of volume then, one can find out  the change in volume with the application of heat. Similarly one can think of a process

in which we are plotting the change of volume.

Either we can think of specific volume or we can think of total volume and this side

we have got pressure. We can think of the change of pressure and volume while the temperature

is kept constant; so the process will be something like this. Let us say, we are going for a

cooling process. The process will be something like this. Here, what we have done is, we

have kept the temperature constant. At this point let us say we are coming to the saturated

state of the vapour. We have started at any arbitrary pressure, volume and temperature

of a vapour. Then we are cooling it. That means, we are extracting heat from the vapour

We are plotting the pressure and volume at different stages. At one stage we will reach

the saturated vapour condition. After that, if we extract more heat what will we find?

We find that temperature will remain constant and pressure will also remain constant till

this saturated vapour completely gets converted into saturated liquid. At this point we are

getting a saturated liquid. After this if we extract more heat then, we will find that

there is a rise in pressure but during this process there is very less change in volume.

Here we are having a liquid state and in the liquid state it is almost incompressible,

so the change in volume will be small. Let us say this is at temperature T1. We can repeat

this process for another temperature. Let us repeat this process for another temperature

and we will get something like this. We are getting basically three regions of the curve.

In this region, we are getting super heated vapour, in this region this is the saturated

vapour point, here we are getting vapour liquid mixture, this is the saturated liquid point

and here we call it sub-cooled liquid. This is liquid, this is vapour and in between we

have a zone where mixture of liquid and vapour exists. If we do this experiment for different

temperatures, we will have different points for saturated vapour. Similarly, we will have

different points for saturated liquid. If we combine all these points by some sort of

a smooth curve, then you will get some sort of a dome like this.

Let us say, this is the line which passes through points of all the saturated vapour

and this is the line which passes through all the points of saturated liquid. If they

are extended they will join at a particular point which is known as critical point. Let

me denote this point as C or critical point. If somebody does the same experiment or same

type of curves are plotted then, through the critical point one will get a curve like this.

Beyond critical point the nature of the curve will be something like this. Let me write

down. This side we are having liquid which is denoted by L. Inside the dome we are having

liquid plus vapour and this side we are having vapour. L denotes liquid and v denotes vapour.

If we have the dome, on the left hand side of the dome and on the right hand side of

the dome we have got single phase regions, while inside the dome we have got a two phase

For a pure substance if it is in single phase, then if we have know two independent thermodynamic

properties, then any third property can be determined. In this region or in the vapour

region if we have know two independent thermodynamic properties, let us say, if we know pressure

and temperature we can determine volume, we can determine enthalpy, we can determine entropy

or any other properties for that matter. Similarly, in the liquid region, if, say pressure and

temperature are known, other thermodynamic properties can be determined. In the two phase

region we need any three independent properties for determining another thermodynamic property.

We will see how to determine the thermodynamic properties and what the important thermodynamic

properties are. Mainly our working substance will be either in the gaseous phase or vapour

phase or it will be in the liquid phase or it will be a mixture of liquid and vapour.

Common working medium with which our engineering cycles run are like steam; it can be a refrigerant.

Basically, steam is used in number of engineering cycles and it is a medium which is extensively

used for the production of power. We will study the properties of pure substance with

reference to properties of steam. For steam, the diagram which I have shown you is known

as pV diagram. For steam this is the pV diagram. Here, these are constant temperature lines.

This is a constant temperature heating line. Earlier I have shown a constant temperature

cooling line. This point is known as the critical point. This line is known as saturated vapour

line and this line is known as saturated liquid line.

Similarly, one can have another thermodynamic plane for representing the pure substance.

This is a TS plane or temperature entropy plane. In this temperature entropy plane we

can have constant pressure lines like this. This is a constant pressure line, so we can

call it p is equal to constant. Another line we can have; let us say, this P1 is constant

where P1 is greater than P. Here also we are having the critical point here at the top

of the dome. C is the critical point. Then, if I have these two lines A to C or line AC,

this is the saturated liquid line  and BC is saturated vapour line. Here, we can see a dome type structure within which

there is both liquid plus vapour. On the left hand side of the dome we have the liquid and

on the right hand side of the dome we have got vapour. At the critical point one cannot

make any demarcation between the liquid phase and the vapour phase and at the top of the

critical point we have got gaseous phase of the matter.

This holds good for both pV diagram and for the TS diagram. That means, at the critical

point we do not have any demarcation between liquid phase and vapour phase and above the

critical point or at the top of the critical point we have got gaseous phase. I have mentioned

that for any pure substance if it is in single phase, we need two independent properties

for determining the third property or for determining any other thermodynamic property.

Inside this dome we have got a mixture. Though it is a pure substance here two different

phases are existing together; liquid and vapour. Here, we need one additional information for

determining the property values. That information is known as quality or dryness fraction.