I've been a journalist now since I was about 17,

この業界は今 とても面白いです

and it's an interesting industry to be in at the moment,

ご存じの通り メディア業界では

because as you all know, there's a huge amount of upheaval

ものすごい変化が 起きているからです

going on in media, and most of you probably know this

ただ ほとんどの人は ビジネスモデルの崩壊や

from the business angle, which is that the business model

Googleの一人勝ちといった

is pretty screwed, and as my grandfather would say,

観点から変化を捉えています

the profits have all been gobbled up by Google.

ジャーナリストとして 本当に面白いですが

So it's a really interesting time to be a journalist,

私が興味あるのは記事自体の 変化ではありません

but the upheaval that I'm interested in is not on the output side.

書く前の段階の変化 つまり情報入手や ―

It's on the input side. It's concern with

取材方法に関心があります

how we get information and how we gather the news.

力関係は新聞社から読者へと

And that's changed, because we've had a huge shift

大きくシフトし

in the balance of power from

取材が様変わりしたからです

the news organizations to the audience.

読み手はこれまで ニュースに

And the audience for such a long time was in a position

影響も変化も与えられませんでした

where they didn't have any way of affecting news

接点がなかったのです

or making any change. They couldn't really connect.

でも状況は変わりました

And that's changed irrevocably.

私が初めてメディアに関心をもったのは

My first connection with the news media was

1984年 BBCがストを実施したときです

in 1984, the BBC had a one-day strike.

マンガまで休みになり 怒っていたのです

I wasn't happy. I was angry. I couldn't see my cartoons.

だから手紙を書きました

So I wrote a letter.

嫌がらせの手紙に 最高の結びは こうです

And it's a very effective way of ending your hate mail:

「愛を込めて マーカム ４才」 これは今でも通用します

"Love Markham, Aged 4." Still works.

ストに与えた インパクトは不明です

I'm not sure if I had any impact on the one-day strike,

ただ わかったのは 返事に３週間もかかったこと

but what I do know is that it took them three weeks to get back to me.

行動を起こして 結果を知りたくても

And that was the round journey. It took that long for anyone

そんなに時間がかかったのです

to have any impact and get some feedback.

それもすっかり変わりました

And that's changed now because, as journalists,

誰もが瞬時にやり取りします

we interact in real time. We're not in a position

読者が記事に反応した時代は終わり

where the audience is reacting to news.

今ではジャーナリストが 読者に頼っているのです

We're reacting to the audience, and we're actually relying on them.

読者がニュースを探してくれます

They're helping us find the news. They're helping us

取材の切り口も 皆が知りたい事も 読者が教えてくれます

figure out what is the best angle to take and what is the stuff that they want to hear.

全部リアルタイムで あっという間です

So it's a real-time thing. It's much quicker. It's happening

いつもこんな状態で 追いつくのに必死です

on a constant basis, and the journalist is always playing catch up.

どのくらい読者に頼っているか ―

To give an example of how we rely on the audience,

９月５日 コスタリカの 地震を例に 見てみましょう

on the 5th of September in Costa Rica, an earthquake hit.

M7.6の大地震でした

It was a 7.6 magnitude. It was fairly big.

地震が起きて60秒後 ―

And 60 seconds is the amount of time it took

250km先のマナグアが揺れました

for it to travel 250 kilometers to Managua.

マナグアが揺れるまでに 60秒かかっているのです

So the ground shook in Managua 60 seconds after it hit the epicenter.

その30秒後 第一報がツイートされます

Thirty seconds later, the first message went onto Twitter,

"temblor" 地震というつぶやきでした

and this was someone saying "temblor," which means earthquake.

地震が到達するのに

So 60 seconds was how long it took

60秒かかりました

for the physical earthquake to travel.

その30秒後には 地震のニュースが

Thirty seconds later news of that earthquake had traveled

瞬時に世界中を駆け巡ります

all around the world, instantly. Everyone in the world,

世界中の誰もが マナグアの地震を

hypothetically, had the potential to know that an earthquake

知り得たのです

was happening in Managua.

きっかけは最初の１人が

And that happened because this one person had

状況を伝えたいと思い 投稿したことです

a documentary instinct, which was to post a status update,

いまは誰もが投稿します

which is what we all do now, so if something happens,

最新情報や写真やビデオは

we put our status update, or we post a photo,

絶え間なくクラウドに 流れ込んでいきます

we post a video, and it all goes up into the cloud in a constant stream.

常に膨大なデータが

And what that means is just constant,

アップロードされています

huge volumes of data going up.

データによれば

It's actually staggering. When you look at the numbers,

YouTubeでは毎分72時間以上の ビデオが投稿されます

every minute there are 72 more hours

YouTubeでは毎分72時間以上の ビデオが投稿されます

of video on YouTube.

１秒間に１時間分を超える 投稿があるのです

So that's, every second, more than an hour of video gets uploaded.

Instagramでは１秒に58枚の写真 ―

And in photos, Instagram, 58 photos are uploaded to Instagram a second.

Facebookでは 3,500枚以上の 写真が投稿されます

More than three and a half thousand photos go up onto Facebook.

だから 私がこの話を終える頃には

So by the time I'm finished talking here, there'll be 864

YouTubeには864時間分のビデオ ―

more hours of video on Youtube than there were when I started,

FacebookとInstagramには 250万枚の写真が投稿されています

and two and a half million more photos on Facebook and Instagram than when I started.

あらゆる情報が入手可能な立場は

So it's an interesting position to be in as a journalist,

ジャーナリストにとって面白い状況です

because we should have access to everything.

世界中の出来事を

Any event that happens anywhere in the world, I should be able to know about it

ほぼ同時に しかもタダで 知ることができます

pretty much instantaneously, as it happens, for free.

この状況は 誰にとっても同じです

And that goes for every single person in this room.

ただ問題があって 情報が大量になると

The only problem is, when you have that much information,

価値があるものを見つけるのが

you have to find the good stuff, and that can be

難しくなります

incredibly difficult when you're dealing with those volumes.

これを痛切に感じたのが

And nowhere was this brought home more than during

ハリケーン・サンディのときです

Hurricane Sandy. So what you had in Hurricane Sandy was

長らく経験していなかった 巨大ハリケーンが

a superstorm, the likes of which we hadn't seen for a long time,

iPhoneの総本山を襲ったのです （笑）

hitting the iPhone capital of the universe -- (Laughter) --

さらに多種多様なメディアを みんなが持っています

and you got volumes of media like we'd never seen before.

だからニセモノや

And that meant that journalists had to deal with fakes,

再投稿された古い写真 ―

so we had to deal with old photos that were being reposted.

過去の写真を使った合成写真を

We had to deal with composite images

ジャーナリストは 見分ける必要があります

that were merging photos from previous storms.

映画『デイ・アフター・トゥモロー』の 写真まで混じっています （笑）

We had to deal with images from films like "The Day After Tomorrow." (Laughter)

中には リアルすぎて

And we had to deal with images that were so realistic

本物かどうかわからないものも

it was nearly difficult to tell if they were real at all.

（笑）

(Laughter)

冗談はさておき Instagramからの この写真では

But joking aside, there were images like this one from Instagram

徹底した検証が必要でした

which was subjected to a grilling by journalists.

Instagramでフィルタが かけられています

They weren't really sure. It was filtered in Instagram.

光の当たり方が疑わしく見えました

The lighting was questioned. Everything was questioned about it.

でも これは本物でした

And it turned out to be true. It was from Avenue C

水没したマンハッタン アベニューCです

in downtown Manhattan, which was flooded.

本物と判明したのは

And the reason that they could tell that it was real

情報源が特定できたからです

was because they could get to the source, and in this case,

NYのフード・ブロガーで

these guys were New York food bloggers.

よく知られ 尊敬されていました

They were well respected. They were known.

この場合は本物だと証明できました

So this one wasn't a debunk, it was actually something that they could prove.

これがジャーナリストの仕事 情報の確認です

And that was the job of the journalist. It was filtering all this stuff.

外に出て情報を集め

And you were, instead of going and finding the information

それを読者に見せる代わりに

and bringing it back to the reader, you were holding back

問題になりそうな情報を止めます

the stuff that was potentially damaging.

信頼できる情報源の 発見が重要になるため

And finding the source becomes more and more important --

ジャーナリストは Twitterを頻繁に利用します

finding the good source -- and Twitter is where most journalists now go.

大量の情報が集まるので 使い方がわかれば

It's like the de facto real-time newswire,

まるで記事配信サービスのように 利用できます

if you know how to use it, because there is so much on Twitter.

役に立つ反面 難しい面もあることが

And a good example of how useful it can be

2011年のエジプト革命でわかりました

but also how difficult was the Egyptian revolution in 2011.

アラビア語が話せず エジプトではなく

As a non-Arabic speaker, as someone who was looking

ダブリンにいる私にとっては

from the outside, from Dublin,

Twitterリストや

Twitter lists, and lists of good sources,

質の高い情報源のリストや 信頼できる人が 重要でした

people we could establish were credible, were really important.

そんなリストを 一から作るには どうしたらよいか？

And how do you build a list like that from scratch?

何を探すべきか知らないと とても大変です

Well, it can be quite difficult, but you have to know what to look for.

これはイタリアの学者 アンドレ・パニソンが

This visualization was done by an Italian academic.

タハリール広場での Twitter上のやり取りを

He's called André Pannison, and he basically

視覚化したものです

took the Twitter conversation in Tahrir Square

ムバラク大統領が 辞任した その日です

on the day that Hosni Mubarak would eventually resign,

点はリツイートで 誰かがメッセージを

and the dots you can see are retweets, so when someone

リツイートすると ２点がつながります

retweets a message, a connection is made between two dots,

回数が多い程 ―

and the more times that message is retweeted by other people,

つながりが増えていきます

the more you get to see these nodes, these connections being made.

すごい方法で会話を視覚化しています

And it's an amazing way of visualizing the conversation,

ただ ここから得られるのは 誰に関心をもち

but what you get is hints at who is more interesting

誰を調べるべきかを 知る手がかりだけです

and who is worth investigating.

会話が展開すると どんどん活発になり

And as the conversation grew and grew, it became

最終的に 会話は

more and more lively, and eventually you were left

巨大な リズムを刻む点の塊になります

with this huge, big, rhythmic pointer of this conversation.

つながりを見て こう思うかも

You could find the nodes, though, and then you went,

「彼らについて調べよう

and you go, "Right, I've got to investigate these people.

何か知ってるかもしれない

These are the ones that are obviously making sense.

どんな人間か 調べてみよう」

Let's see who they are."

私たちジャーナリストは 情報があふれる今 ―

Now in the deluge of information, this is where

ウェブの同時性に とても興味を覚えます

the real-time web gets really interesting for a journalist like myself,

この種の調査に使えるツールが

because we have more tools than ever

今はたくさんあるからです

to do that kind of investigation.

以前よりも とても詳しく

And when you start digging into the sources, you can go

情報源を調べることができます

further and further than you ever could before.

よさそうなネタを見つけたと思っても

Sometimes you come across a piece of content that

本当に使えるかどうか ―

is so compelling, you want to use it, you're dying to use it,

確信がもてない場合があります

but you're not 100 percent sure if you can because

信頼できる情報源か ―

you don't know if the source is credible.

合成か 再投稿か わからないからです

You don't know if it's a scrape. You don't know if it's a re-upload.

調べる必要があります

And you have to do that investigative work.

ご覧頂いているビデオは

And this video, which I'm going to let run through,

２週間前に見つけました

was one we discovered a couple of weeks ago.

ビデオ 「風が強くなってきたわ」

Video: Getting real windy in just a second.

（風雨の音）

(Rain and wind sounds)

（爆発音）「大変！」

(Explosion) Oh, shit!

プロデューサーなら 放送したくなるはずです

Markham Nolan: Okay, so now if you're a news producer, this is something

すごい掘り出し物ですから

you'd love to run with, because obviously, this is gold.

生々しい反応です

You know? This is a fantastic reaction from someone,

裏庭で撮影されました

very genuine video that they've shot in their back garden.

でも 本物か ニセモノか 古いものか

But how do you find if this person, if it's true, if it's faked,

再投稿かを知る方法は？

or if it's something that's old and that's been reposted?

ビデオを調べて わかったのは

So we set about going to work on this video, and

YouTubeのユーザー名だけでした

the only thing that we had to go on was the username on the YouTube account.

このアカウントの投稿は １件だけ

There was only one video posted to that account,

ユーザー名は "Rita Krill"

and the username was Rita Krill.

本名か 偽名かはわかりません

And we didn't know if Rita existed or if it was a fake name.

そこで ネット上の 無料ツールで調べ始めました

But we started looking, and we used free Internet tools to do so.

まずSpokeoで名前を探しました

The first one was called Spokeo, which allowed us to look for Rita Krills.

全米を調べ NY ペンシルベニア ―

So we looked all over the U.S. We found them in New York,

ネバダ フロリダで この名を見つけました

we found them in Pennsylvania, Nevada and Florida.

次にWolfram Alphaを使って

So we went and we looked for a second free Internet tool

ビデオが投稿された日の

called Wolfram Alpha, and we checked the weather reports

気象情報をチェックしました

for the day in which this video had been uploaded,

名前が挙がった場所の内 ―

and when we went through all those various cities,

その日 フロリダが雷雨でした

we found that in Florida, there were thunderstorms and rain on the day.

だからWhitePagesの

So we went to the white pages, and we found,

電話帳でRita Krillをいくつか見つけ

we looked through the Rita Krills in the phonebook,

住所を洗ったところ ―

and we looked through a couple of different addresses,

Google Mapsで 家を見つけました

and that took us to Google Maps, where we found a house.

ビデオと よく似た ―

And we found a house with a swimming pool that looked

プールがある家です 再びビデオを見て

remarkably like Rita's. So we went back to the video,

ヒントを探しました

and we had to look for clues that we could cross-reference.

ビデオをよく見ると 大きなパラソルと

So if you look in the video, there's the big umbrella,

白いエアマットがあり

there's a white lilo in the pool,

プールの角は曲線を描いています

there are some unusually rounded edges in the swimming pool,

背景には木が２本

and there's two trees in the background.

Google Mapsに戻り よく見ると

And we went back to Google Maps, and we looked a little bit closer,

エアマットも

and sure enough, there's the white lilo,

２本の木も パラソルもあります

there are the two trees,

写真では閉じています

there's the umbrella. It's actually folded in this photo.

少し工夫すると プールの角が丸いこともわかります

Little bit of trickery. And there are the rounded edges on the swimming pool.

調査をもとにリタに電話をかけ

So we were able to call Rita, clear the video,

自分で撮ったものだと確認しました

make sure that it had been shot, and then our clients

クライアントは安心して放映できました

were delighted because they were able to run it without being worried.

一方 真実を知ることが

Sometimes the search for truth, though,

重大な結果をともなう場合があります

is a little bit less flippant, and it has much greater consequences.

私達がシリアに注目するのは

Syria has been really interesting for us, because obviously

戦争犯罪の証拠となりうる情報の

a lot of the time you're trying to debunk stuff that can be

真偽を判断することが 当然 多くなるからです

potentially war crime evidence, so this is where YouTube

この場合 YouTubeが

actually becomes the most important repository

世界情勢を知るために 重要な情報源です

of information about what's going on in the world.

このビデオは かなり残酷なので

So this video, I'm not going to show you the whole thing,

音声の一部を お聞きください

because it's quite gruesome, but you'll hear some of the sounds.

出所はシリアのハマーです

This is from Hama.

（叫び声）

Video: (Shouting)

映像は血だらけの死体が

And what this video shows, when you watch the whole thing through,

ピックアップトラックから降ろされて

is bloody bodies being taken out of a pickup truck

橋から投げ落とされる場面です

and thrown off a bridge.

ムスリム同胞団のメンバーが

The allegations were that these guys were Muslim Brotherhood

シリア軍兵士の死体を 捨てる所とされています

and they were throwing Syrian Army officers' bodies

でも男達は 呪いや 冒涜の言葉を言っており

off the bridge, and they were cursing and using blasphemous language,

本当は何者なのか

and there were lots of counterclaims about who they were,

ビデオの説明通りなのかは 意見が分かれます

and whether or not they were what the video said it was.

そこでTwitterでやり取りしていた ―

So we talked to some sources in Hama who we had been

ハマーにいる人達に この件を尋ねました

back and forth with on Twitter, and we asked them about this,

注目したのは橋です 特定できるかも知れません

and the bridge was interesting to us because it was something we could identify.

３つの情報源の 証言はバラバラでした

Three different sources said three different things about the bridge.

ある協力者は「橋はない」

They said, one, the bridge doesn't exist.

別の協力者は「橋はあるが ハマーではない」

Another one said the bridge does exist, but it's not in Hama. It's somewhere else.

３人目は「橋はあると思う

And the third one said, "I think the bridge does exist,

でも上流のダムが閉鎖しており

but the dam upstream of the bridge was closed,

川に水がないはずで 映像と一致しない」

so the river should actually have been dry, so this doesn't make sense."

最後の証言がヒントになりました

So that was the only one that gave us a clue.

手がかりを探して

We looked through the video for other clues.

ビデオを見ると 特徴のある 手すりに気づきました

We saw the distinctive railings, which we could use.

歩道上の影が 南へ伸びているので

We looked at the curbs. The curbs were throwing shadows south,

橋は東西方向にかかっています

so we could tell the bridge was running east-west across the river.

歩道は白と黒に塗られています

It had black-and-white curbs.

川面を見ると

As we looked at the river itself, you could see there's

西側にコンクリート護岸 血の流れが見えます

a concrete stone on the west side. There's a cloud of blood.

つまり川が南から北へ

That's blood in the river. So the river is flowing

流れているのです

south to north. That's what that tells me.

橋から向こうを見ると

And also, as you look away from the bridge,

土手に削られた部分があり

there's a divot on the left-hand side of the bank,

川幅が狭まっています

and the river narrows.

次にGoogle Mapsで

So onto Google Maps we go, and we start

橋を全部見ていきました

looking through literally every single bridge.

先ほどのダムから下流に向かって

We go to the dam that we talked about, we start just

橋がある場所を すべて確認し

literally going through every time that road crosses the river,

該当しないものを外しました

crossing off the bridges that don't match.

探すのは東西にかかる橋です