What is a thing?

物とは何か？

Why do things happen?

なぜこの宇宙は存在するのか？

And why DO they happen the way they do?

一つずつ調べよう

Let's try to approach this step by step.

あなたを分解していくと

What are you made of?

分子 原子 最後に素粒子になる

You are matter, which is made of molecules, which are made of atoms, and those are made of elementary particles.

素粒子が一番小さい構成要素だがそれは何なのか？ 単純なところから始めよう まず宇宙を消す

But, if elementary particles are the smallest things that exist, What are THEY made of?

物質 反物質 放射線 粒子 全部だそしてそこを見ると 何もない

To answer a simple question, let's start simply.

では空間とは何だろうか

Let's wipe the universe clean.

そこには物が何もない

Away with matter, antimatter, radiation, particles, anything.

物は何もないが

Now let's take a closer look at absolutely nothing.

何もないという場所がある

What is empty space?

そこは静かな海のようなものだ

Is it what we call a vacuum?

水は静止しているが

There are no atoms, no matter, nothing!

ときどき波が起きる

Is it really all that empty?

宇宙はそんな海で満たされていて

Nothing gives us the building blocks for everything.

これを場と呼ぶ

In a sense, empty space is a lot like a vast, calm ocean.

この概念を放射線で考えてみよう

While the water is very still when nothing is happening, a stiff breeze can create some serious waves.

電磁場に波が起こることで光子という粒子が生まれる

Our universe works a lot like this.

放射線を運ぶ光の粒子だ

There are these oceans everywhere.

光子以外の粒子もこのように作られ

Physicists call them fields.

それぞれの粒子に固有の場がある

This might be strange and new, but think about radiation for example.

例えば電磁場は宇宙全体に満ちている場で

By exciting what's known as the electromagnetic field, a little kink is created which is the particle we call the photon.

この場の揺れが電子だ場は全部で17個の粒子を生み出し

The particle that carries radiation, we perceive it as light.

３つに分類できる

This isn't unique to light; every particle in the universe is made this way.

レプトン クォーク ボソンだ

There are fields for every particle of matter all with their own rules.

レプトンには電子

For example, along with the electromagnetic field, there is an electron field everywhere in the universe and little kinks in that field are electrons.

ミュー粒子 タウ粒子とその対となるニュートリノがある

All together, the fields of our universe can produce 17 particles which can be divided into 3 categories.

クォークには

The leptons, and the quarks, and the bosons.

原子を作る粒子があり

Leptons consist of the electron as well as its cousins: muon and tau particles.

これらが組み合わさって

Each has an associated neutrino.

原子核の陽子と中性子を作り出す

Then, there are quarks.

レプトンとクォークが

The quarks are the nuclear family of particles.

すべての物を構成している

They're always found bound together in groups and pairs and make up protons and neutrons, which make up the nuclei of atoms.

空気や太陽あなたの目の前のコンピューターも

Together, the leptons and quarks are the matter particles.

また 物には力もある

They make up all the things you see.

哲学的に言えば

The air you breathe, the sun that warms you, the computer you're using right now to distract yourself from the stuff you should be doing.

性質は存在同様そのものの一部だボソンはそのような力の場にある

But things don't just exist, they also do stuff.

クォークとレプトンは物質場

In some philosophical sense, the properties of a thing are just as much a part of it as existence itself.

ボソンは力の場で作られる

This is where the bosons and the fields that makes them come in to play.

宇宙を支配する力で

While the quarks and leptons are made by the matter fields, the bosons are made by force fields.

基本的な力が４つ存在する電磁気力 重力 強い力 弱い力だ

We call a rule of the universe a force.

これらの力をルールに

And so far, 4 fundamental forces have been discovered:

粒子の駒は宇宙の盤を動く

Electromagnetism, gravity, and the strong and weak nuclear forces.

力がその可能な動き方を決める

These forces are the rule book of a game where the pieces are the particles, and the game is the universe.

ビショップはななめに

They tell particles what they can do and how they can do it.

粒子は光速で進み

Bishops move diagonally, massless particles move at the speed of light, knights can jump, gravity attracts.

ナイトは跳び 重力は引っ張る力は相互作用の仕方も決め 粒子に働く力が最終的に 宇宙の大きな構造を作る

The forces are the rules for how particles interact which ultimately make them the rules for how particles assemble into all the big things we see in the universe.

重力は月や落ちるりんごだけではなく

Gravity isn't just the rule for orbits around the sun or apples falling from trees.

すべての物質に働いて 天体を形作る

As a rule, it says matter attracts, which builds planets and stars.

電磁気力は磁石の作用や

Electromagnetism isn't just the rule for magnets attracting or repelling, or electric currents in light bulbs.

電気のためだけではなく

It governs all atomic bonds, building every molecule.

すべての原子に働き 分子を形作る

Together, forces and particles are sort of like the Tinkertoys of existence.

力と粒子の関係は

The bosons are like messengers. Passed between, you could say, connecting the matter particles.

組み立ておもちゃに似ている

Which they use to tell each other how to move.

ボソンは粒子同士を繋ぎ合わせる

Each particle uses a certain set of the forces to interact with other particles.

連絡係のようなものだ

Quarks, for example, can interact with each other with electromagnetism and the strong nuclear force,

粒子同士は特定の力で相互作用する

but electrons don't use the strong force, just electromagnetism.

クォーク同士は

The quarks exchange strong force bosons, communicating the strong nuclear attraction to each other,

電磁気力と強い力を使うが

while the protons they build exchange the particles of electromagnetism, photons with the electrons.

電子同士は電磁気力だけを使う

Thus, the quarks end up locked up in nuclei, while the electrons remain attached by their electric attraction, building atoms.

クォーク同士は強い力で強く相互作用する一方

Even though the universe has lots of big, messy phenomena like life, supernovas, and computers, that seem complex on the surface.

それらが作る陽子は電子と電磁気力で関わり合う

If you zoom in far enough on anything, you just get 17 particles emerging from underlying fields, playing a game with 4 rules.

こうして 原子核とそれに引かれる電子が原子を形作る

To summarize, in the most basic form we know right now, this is what things are.

宇宙に見られる生命 超新星爆発

This theory is what physicists call the Standard Model of Particle Physics.

コンピューターなどの複雑な現象も

You are basically nothing more than disturbances on an ocean that's excited by energy and guided by forces that make up the rules of the universe.

十分に拡大すれば場から生まれて ４つの力で動く

But why? And what is a force?

17個の粒子に至る

We'll have to explore a few more simple questions to get to the bottom of this.

これが現在わかっている物の正体だ

We made some wallpapers from some of the graphics in this video: You can get them on patreon.com

物理学では標準模型と呼ばれている

If you want to help us make more videos, you can do so there.

あなたは広い海に生じた波であり

We really appreciate your support.

宇宙の力に導かれた存在なのだ

While you decide, here are some more videos we made.

しかし力が何なのかはさらに説明が必要になりそうだ