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  • Gregorio: Hi. I'm Joe Gregorio,

  • and I work in Developer Relations at Google.

  • This talk is on REST and, in the talk,

  • I presume you're familiar with the Atom Publishing Protocol.

  • If you're not, you can watch my other video

  • "An Introduction to the Atom Publishing Protocol,"

  • and then come back and watch this one.

  • So let's begin.

  • You may have heard the term REST,

  • and a lot of protocols these days

  • are advertising themselves as REST.

  • REST comes from Roy Fielding's thesis

  • and stands for Representational State Transfer.

  • It's an architectural style.

  • Now, an architectural style is an abstraction

  • as opposed to a concrete thing.

  • For example, this Shaker house

  • is different from the Shaker architectural style.

  • The architectural style of Shaker

  • defines the attributes or characteristics

  • you would see in a house built in that style.

  • In the same way, the REST architectural style

  • is a set of architectural constraints

  • you would see in a protocol built in that style.

  • HTTP is one such protocol.

  • And, for the remainder of this talk,

  • we're just going to talk about HTTP.

  • And I'll refer back

  • to the architectural constraints of REST

  • as we work through that example.

  • Now, it's simply not possible to cover every aspect HTTP,

  • so at the end of this presentation

  • there will be a further reading list,

  • if you'd like to learn more.

  • So why should you care about REST?

  • Well, it's the architecture of the Web as it works today.

  • And if you're going to be building applications

  • on the Web, shouldn't you be working

  • with the architecture instead of against it?

  • And, hopefully, as you see us go through this video,

  • there will be many opportunities

  • for increasing the performance

  • and scalability of your application,

  • and solve some traditionally tricky problems

  • by working with HTTP

  • and taking full advantage of its capabilities.

  • Let's get some of the basics down,

  • some nomenclature in the operation of HTTP.

  • At its simplest,

  • HTTP is a request response protocol.

  • You browser makes a request to the server,

  • the Web server gives you a response.

  • The beauty of the Web is that it appears very simple,

  • as if your browser is talking directly to the server.

  • So, let's look in detail

  • at a specific request and response.

  • Here is a GET request

  • to the URL http://example.org/news

  • and here's what the response looks like.

  • It's a 200 response

  • and what you're seeing here are the headers

  • and a little bit of the response body.

  • The request is to a resource identified by a URI,

  • in this case like I said, http://example.org/news.

  • Resources or addressability is very important.

  • The request is to a resource identified by a URI.

  • In this case, http://example.org/news.

  • The URI is broken down into two pieces.

  • The path goes into the request line,

  • and you can see the host shows up in the host header.

  • There is a method

  • and that's the action to perform on the resource.

  • There are actually several different methods

  • that can be used,

  • GET, PUT, DELETE, HEAD, and POST among others,

  • and each of those methods

  • has particular characteristics about them.

  • For example, GET is safe, idempotent, and cacheable.

  • Cacheable means the response can be cached

  • by an intermediary along the way,

  • idempotent means the request can be done multiple times,

  • and safe means there are no side effects

  • from performing that action.

  • So PUT is also idempotent,

  • but not safe, and not cacheable.

  • Same with DELETE, it is idempotent.

  • HEAD is safe and idempotent.

  • POST has none of those characteristics.

  • Also returned in that response

  • was the representation of that resource,

  • what lives at that URI.

  • The representation is the body

  • and, in this case, it was an HTML document.

  • HTML is a form of hypertext,

  • which means it has links to other resources.

  • Here is a traditional link that you would click on

  • to go to another page,

  • but there's more than one kind of link.

  • Here is a link to a CSS document

  • that the browser will call and include to style the page.

  • There's also other kinds of links.

  • Here's one to a JavaScript document

  • that will get pulled in.

  • This is a particularly important kind of hypertext

  • or document that's pulled in.

  • This is called Code on Demand,

  • the ability to load code into the browser

  • and execute it on the client.

  • The response headers show control data,

  • such as this header which controls how long

  • the response can be cached.

  • So now that we've looked

  • at simple HTTP request and response,

  • let's go back and look at some of the characteristics

  • that a RESTful protocol is supposed to have.

  • Application state and functionality

  • are directed into resources.

  • Those resources are uniquely addressable

  • using a universal syntax for use in hypermedia links.

  • All resources share a uniform interface

  • for transferring the state

  • between the client and the server

  • consisting of a constraint set of well-defined operations,

  • a constraint set of content types

  • optionally supporting Code on Demand,

  • and a protocol which is client-server,

  • stateless, layered, and cacheable.

  • Now that we've already talked about

  • many of these aspects with HTTP,

  • we can see that we already have resources

  • that are identified by URIs,

  • and those resources have a uniform interface

  • understanding a limited set of methods

  • such as GET, PUT, POST, HEAD, and DELETE,

  • and that the representations are self-identified,

  • a constraint set of content types

  • that might not only be hypertext,

  • but could also include Code on Demand

  • such as the example we saw with JavaScript.

  • And we've even seen that HTTP is a client-server protocol.

  • To discuss the remainder of the characteristics

  • of the protocol,

  • we need to look at the underlying structure

  • of the Web.

  • We originally started out with a simplified example

  • of how the Web appears to a client.

  • Let's switch to using the right names

  • for each of those pieces.

  • They're the user agent and the origin server.

  • The reality is that the connections

  • between these pieces could be a lot more complicated.

  • There can be many intermediaries between you and the server

  • you're connecting to.

  • By intermediaries, we mean HTTP intermediaries,

  • which doesn't include devices at lower levels

  • such as routers, modems, and access points.

  • Those intermediaries are

  • the layered part of the protocol,

  • and that layering allows intermediaries to be added

  • at various points in the request response path

  • without changing the interfaces between components

  • where they can do things to passing messages,

  • such as translation or improving performance with caching.

  • Intermediaries include proxies and gateways.

  • Proxies are chosen by the client,

  • while gateways are chosen by the origin server.

  • Despite the slide showing only one proxy and one gateway,

  • realize there may be several proxies and gateways

  • between your user agent and origin server,

  • or there may actually be none.

  • Finally, every actor in the chain,

  • from the user agent through the proxies

  • and the gateways to the origin server,

  • may have a cache associated with them.

  • If an intermediary does caching

  • and a response indicates that the response can be cached,

  • in this case for an hour,

  • then if a new request for that resource

  • comes within an hour,

  • then the cached response will be returned.

  • These caches finish out the major characteristics

  • of our REST protocol.

  • Now, we said this architecture had benefits.

  • What are some of those?

  • Let's first look at some of the performance benefits,

  • which include efficiency, scalability,

  • and user perceived performance.

  • For efficiency,

  • all of those caches help along the way.

  • Your request may not have to reach all the way back

  • to the origin server

  • or, in the case of a local user agent cache,

  • you may never even hit the network at all.

  • Control data allows the signaling of compression,

  • so a response can be GZIPPED before being sent

  • to the user agents that can handle them.

  • Scalability comes from many areas.

  • The use of gateways allows you to distribute traffic

  • among a large set of origin servers

  • based on method, URI, content type,

  • or any of the other headers coming in from the request.

  • Caching helps scalability also

  • as it reduces the actual number of requests

  • that make it all the way back to the origin server.

  • And statelessness allows a request to be routed

  • through different gateways and proxies,

  • thus avoiding introducing bottlenecks

  • and allowing more intermediaries to be added as needed.

  • Finally, User Perceived Performance is increased

  • by having a reduced set of known media types

  • that allows browsers to handle known types much faster.

  • For example, partial rendering of HTML documents

  • as they download.

  • Also, Code on Demand allows computations

  • to be moved closer to the client

  • or closer to the server,

  • depending on where the work can be done fastest.

  • For example, having JavaScript to do form validation

  • before a request is even made to the origin server

  • is obviously faster

  • than round-tripping the form values to the server

  • and having the server return any validation errors.

  • Similarly, caching helps here as it requests may not need

  • to go completely back to the origin server.

  • Also, since GET is idempotent and safe,

  • a user agent could pre-fetch results before they're needed,

  • thus increasing user perceived performance.

  • Lots of other benefits we won't cover,

  • but these are outlined in Roy's thesis.

  • But all these benefits aren't free.

  • You actually have to structure your application

  • or service to take advantage of them.

  • If you do, then you will get the benefits.

  • And if you don't, you won't get them.

  • To see how structuring helps, let's look at two protocols:

  • XML-RPC and the Atom Publishing Protocol.

  • So this is what an XML-RPC request looks like,

  • and here's an example response.

  • All of the requests in XML-RPC are posts.

  • So what do the intermediaries see of this request response?

  • Is it safe? No.

  • Is it idempotent? No.

  • Or is it cacheable? No.

  • If they are, the intermediaries would never know that.

  • All the requests go to the same URI,

  • which means that if you're going to distribute many such calls

  • among a group of origin servers,

  • you would have to look inside the body

  • for the method name.

  • This gives the least amount of information to the Web,

  • and thus it doesn't get any help from intermediaries

  • and doesn't scale with off the shelf parts.

  • So let's take a look at the Atom Publishing Protocol.

  • So for authoring to begin in the Atom Publishing Protocol,

  • a client needs to discover the capabilities and locations

  • of the available collections.

  • Service documents are designed

  • to support this discovery service.

  • To retrieve a service document, we send a GET to its URI.

  • GET is safe, idempotent, cacheable, and zipable.

  • The response type is self-identifying.

  • As you can see, there's a content type header

  • of application Atom Service plus XML

  • that self-identifies what the content is specifically,

  • and the response itself is hypertexted.

  • It contains URIs for each of the collections.

  • That's what's highlighted, in this slide here,

  • is the relative URI for the collection.

  • Once we have a collection URI,

  • we can post an entry to create a new member,

  • and then GET, PUT, or DELETE the members at their own URIs.

  • So here's an example of a GET to a collection document.

  • Again, this is safe, idempotent, cacheable, and zipable.

  • The response is also self-identifying here

  • as you have another content type,

  • application/atom+xml.

  • And again, the response is hypertext.

  • Lastly, the edit URI identifies

  • where the entry can actually be modified.

  • That URI, you can do a GET to, to retrieve it,

  • you can send a PUT to update the resource,

  • or you can send a DELETE to remove it

  • from the collection.

  • So as you can see, the Atom Publishing Protocol

  • is designed with RESTful characteristics in mind

  • and gets many advantages

  • from intermediaries and the network itself

  • as those messages transfer back and forth.

  • So, let's look at some of the other idioms

  • that you can use in building your RESTful protocol

  • to get some of the advantages.

  • For example, long-lived images.

  • If you have large images

  • that need to be transferred back and forth

  • as part of your Web page, what you should do is

  • set the cache for those images to be very long.

  • If you need to update those images,

  • upload a new image to a new URI

  • and change the HTML to point to that new URI.

  • Here's an example where I have big-image.png.

  • And, if we retrieve that image,

  • you'll see that the cache control header

  • has been set to a very long time.

  • In this case, 30 days.

  • If we made a mistake, or we'd like to update that image,

  • what I need to do is upload a new image, big-image-2,

  • set the cache control for that to be very long,

  • and then update the HTML.

  • The idea here is that you keep the HTML

  • with the short cache lifetime,

  • and thus you can update that easily.

  • So there you go,

  • a high level view of REST and how it relates to HTTP.

  • Here's the list of further reading

  • that I had promised you.

  • "RFC 2616" actually outlines what HTTP is.

  • "RFC 3986" outlines the URI standard.

  • You can read Roy Fielding's thesis,

  • "Architectural Styles and the Design

  • of Network-based Software Architectures."

  • And there's also this "Caching Tutorial"

  • by Mark Nottingham which covers in detail

  • many of the things we just talked about.

  • Thanks and have fun.

Gregorio: Hi. I'm Joe Gregorio,

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REST入門 (Intro to REST)

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    Victor Huang に公開 2021 年 01 月 14 日
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