I think what he meant is that we treat prisoners as ghosts.

ダニエル・ベリガン司祭は言いました

They're unseen and unheard.

「囚人について書くのは 死者について書くのに 少し似ている」と

It's easy to simply ignore them

我々は囚人を幽霊のように扱う という意味だと思います

and it's even easier when the government goes to great lengths to keep them hidden.

彼らの姿は見えず声も届かない

As a journalist, I think these stories of what people in power do when no one is watching, are precisely the stories that we need to tell.

彼らを単に無視するのは容易く

That's why I began investigating

政府が長期間 隠ぺいしている場合は なおさら容易です

the most secretive and experimental prison units in the United States, for so-called "second-tier" terrorists.

ジャーナリストとして 私は

The government calls these units Communications Management Units or CMUs.

誰も見ていないところで 権力者が何をするかというような話は

Prisoners and guards call them "Little Guantanamo."

まさに私たちが伝えなければいけない話 だと思います

They are islands unto themselves.

だから 私は調査を始めました

But unlike Gitmo they exist right here, at home, floating within larger federal prisons.

調査対象は 合衆国で最高の 機密扱いで実験的な監獄棟

There are 2 CMUs.

「準」テロリスト用の監獄です

One was opened inside the prison in Terre Haute, Indiana,

このような監獄を 政府は CMU （コミュニケーション管理ユニット）と呼び

and the other is inside this prison, in Marion, Illinois.

囚人や看守は CMU を 「ミニ・グアンタナモ」と呼びます

Neither of them underwent the formal review process that is required by law when they were opened.

それ自体 島のように孤立しています

CMU prisoners have all been convicted of crimes.

でも グアンタナモと違い CMU は国内にあります

Some of their cases are questionable and some involve threats and violence.

大きな連邦刑務所内に浮かぶ島のようです

I'm not here to argue the guilt or innocence of any prisoner.

CMUは２つあります

I'm here because as Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall said,

１つは インディアナ州の テレホート刑務所内に開設され

"When the prisons and gates slam shut, prisoners do not lose their human quality."

もう１つは このイリノイ州の マリオン刑務所内にあります

Every prisoner I've interviewed has said there are three flecks of light in the darkness of prison:

２つとも 型通りの査定過程を経ていません

phone calls,

刑務所の開設時には 査定が法定義務なのに です

letters

CMU への収容者は全員 有罪判決を受けています

and visits from family.

訴状内容は 疑問の残るものもあれば 脅迫や暴行罪への関与もあります

CMUs aren't solitary confinement, but they radically restrict all of these

ここで 囚人が有罪か無罪か 議論するつもりはありません

to levels that meet or exceed the most extreme prisons in the United States.

私がここに立つのは最高裁判事 サーグッド・マーシャルの言葉に因ります

Their phone calls can be limited to 45 minutes a month,

「監獄と門が閉ざされても 囚人は人間性を閉ざされない」

compared to the 300 minutes other prisoners receive.

私がインタビューした囚人は皆 言いました

Their letters can be limited to six pieces of paper.

獄中の暗闇には３つの光があると

Their visits can be limited to four hours per month,

電話と

compared to the 35 hours that people like Olympic Park bomber Eric Rudolph receive in the supermax.

手紙と

On top of that, CMU visits are non-contact which means prisoners are not allowed to even hug their family.

そして家族の面会です

As one CMU prisoner said,

CMU は独房ではありませんが この３つを非常に厳しく制限し

"We're not being tortured here, except psychologically."

合衆国内の最も厳しい刑務所以上です

The government won't say who is imprisoned here.

CMU 囚人の通話時間は月に 45 分以内

But through court documents, open records requests and interviews with current and former prisoners,

それに比して 他の刑務所では 月に 300 分以内です

some small windows into the CMUs have opened.

CMU では手紙は 便箋６枚以内

There's an estimated 60 to 70 prisoners here,

面会時間は月４時間以内です

and they're overwhelmingly Muslim.

因みに オリンピックパークの爆破犯 エリック・ルドルフのような人物でも

They include people like Dr. Rafil Dhafir,

月最高 35 時間です

who violated the economic sanctions on Iraq by sending medical supplies for the children there.

その上 CMU の面会では 身体の接触が認められず

They've included people like Yassin Aref.

家族とのハグすら禁止です

Aref and his family fled to New York from Saddam Hussein's Iraq as refugees.

あるCMU 囚人が言いました

He was arrested in 2004 as part of an FBI sting.

「ここには拷問はない 精神面以外はね」と

Aref is an imam and he was asked to bear witness to a loan,

政府は CMU への投獄者を 決して公表しません

which is a tradition in Islamic culture.

でも 裁判記録や 公開記録書類 を調べ

It turned out that one of the people involved in the loan was trying to enlist someone else in a fake attack.

現在や過去の囚人への インタビューを繰り返した結果

Aref didn't know.

CMU の内部を垣間見るための 小窓のようなものが開きました

For that, he was convicted of conspiracy to provide material support to a terrorist group.

現在 CMU には 推定 60 ～ 70 人が収容され

The CMUs also include some non-Muslim prisoners.

そのうち圧倒的多数を イスラム教徒男性が占めます

The guards call them "balancers,"

その中にラフィール・ダフィール医師 のような人物も含まれます

meaning they help balance out the racial numbers, in hopes of deflecting lawsuits.

経済制裁に違反し イラクの子供たちのために

These balancers include animal rights and environmental activists like Daniel McGowan.

現地に医療品を供給した人物です

McGowan was convicted of participating in two arsons in the name of defending the environment as part of the Earth Liberation Front(ELF).

CMU 囚人には ヤシン・アレフのような人もいます

During his sentencing, he was afraid that he would be sent to a rumored secret prison for terrorists.

アレフと家族は フセイン政権下のイラクから ニューヨークへ逃れてきた難民です

The judge dismissed all those fears, saying that they weren't supported by any facts.

アレフは2004年 FBI のおとり捜査の一環で逮捕されました

But that might be because the government hasn't fully explained why some prisoners end up in a CMU,

イスラム指導者の一人 アレフは 融資の証人になるよう頼まれました

and who is responsible for these decisions.

それがイスラム社会の伝統です

When McGowan was transferred, he was told it's because he is a "domestic terrorist,"

融資に関わる人物の１人が おとり捜査中の誰かを

a term the FBI uses repeatedly when talking about environmental activists.

融資に参加させようとしたのが発覚

Now, keep in mind there are about 400 prisoners in US prisons who are classified as terrorists,

アレフの知らないことでした

and only a handful of them are in the CMUs.

でも そのため アレフは

In McGowan's case, he was previously at a low-security prison

テロリスト集団への支援物資提供で 有罪判決を受けました

and he had no communications violations.

CMU には イスラム教徒ではない 囚人も収容されます

So, why was he moved?

看守たちは彼らを 「バランサー」と呼びます

Like other CMU prisoners, McGowan repeatedly asked for an answer, a hearing,

人種的偏りのバランスを取る人 という意味です

or some opportunity for an appeal.

人種差別で訴えられないためです

This example from another prisoner shows how those requests are viewed.

バランサーには 動物愛護運動家や 環境活動家も含まれます

"Wants a transfer." "Told him no."

例えばダニエル・マクガワンです

At one point, the prison warden himself recommended McGowan's transfer out of the CMU citing his good behavior,

マクガワンは 地球解放戦線で 環境保護の活動と称して

but the warden was overruled by the Bureau of Prison's Counter-terrorism Unit, working with the Joint Terrorism Task Force of the FBI.

２件の放火に参画した罪で 有罪となりました

Later I found out that McGowan was really sent to a CMU

量刑手続き中 マクガワンは 収容先の心配をしていました

not because of what he did, but what he has said.

テロリスト収容所と噂される 機密刑務所ではと

A memo from the Counterterrorism Unit cited McGowan's "anti-government beliefs."

判事は 彼の恐れを全て却下し

While imprisoned, he continued writing about environmental issues,

そのような刑務所の存在は 事実無根だとしました

saying that activists must reflect on their mistakes and listen to each other.

でも それは 政府の説明が 十分でないからかもしれません

Now, in fairness, if you've spent any time at all in Washington, DC,

なぜ CMU に収監されるのか？

you know this is really a radical concept for the government.

誰の決定で CMU 送りになるのか？

(Laughter)

移送中 マクガワンは言われました

I actually asked to visit McGowan in the CMU. And I was approved.

マクガワンが「国内テロリスト」だからだと

That came as quite a shock.

FBI が 環境活動家に言及する時 繰り返し使う用語です

First, because as I've discussed on this stage before,

さて 留意して下さい 合衆国内の囚人 400 人が

I learned that the FBI has been monitoring my work.

テロリストに分類されていますが

Second, because it would make me the first and only journalist to visit a CMU.

CMU に送られるのは ごく一握りです

I had even learned through the Bureau of Prisons Counterterrorism Unit,

マクガワンの場合 初めは 厳重警備ではない刑務所に収容されていました

that they had been monitoring my speeches about CMUs, like this one.

コミュニケーション面での違反は ありませんでした

So how could I possibly be approved to visit?

なぜ CMU に移送されたのでしょう

A few days before I went out to the prison, I got an answer.

他の CMU 収容者同様

I was allowed to visit McGowan as a friend, not a journalist.

マクガワンは 繰り返し 回答や聴聞や

Journalists are not allowed here.

提訴の機会を求めました

McGowan was told by CMU officials that if I asked any questions or published any story, that he would be punished for my reporting.

このような求めがいかに審議されるか 別の収監者の例を見てみましょう

When I arrived for our visit, the guards reminded me

「移送希望」 「要求却下」

that they knew who I was and knew about my work.

あるとき 刑務所長が自ら マクガワンの移送を推薦しました

And they said that if I attempted to interview McGowan, the visit would be terminated.

品行方正につき CMU 以外の刑務所に移送するようにと

The Bureau of Prisons describes CMUs as "self-contained housing units."

が 刑務所長の推薦は却下されました

But I think that's an Orwellian way of describing black holes.

却下したのは 連邦刑務局のテロ対策部で

When you visit a CMU, you go through all the security checkpoints that you would expect.

FBI のテロ対策共同特捜部隊の 関連機関でした

But then the walk to the visitation room is silent.

その後 マクガワンの CMU 送りの真相を 私は知ります

When a CMU prisoner has a visit, the rest of the prison is on lockdown.

マクガワンが起こした事件のせいではなく

I was ushered into a small room,

彼の発言のせいだったのです

so small my outstretched arms could touch each wall.

テロ対策本部のメモには マクガワンの 「反政府主義」が記録されています

There was a grapefruit-sized orb in the ceiling for the visit to be live-monitored by the Counterterrorism Unit in West Virginia.

服役中 マクガワンは 環境問題についての執筆を続け

The unit insists that all the visits have to be in English for CMU prisoners,

活動家は自分の過ちを反省し

which is an additional hardship for many of the Muslim families.

互いの意見を聞くべき と 言い続けました

There is a thick sheet of foggy, bulletproof glass and on the other side was Daniel McGowan.

公平に見て ワシントンDCで 少しでも過ごしたことがある人なら

We spoke through these handsets attached to the wall and talked about books and movies.

これがいかに過激な 反政府思想か分かるはずです

We did our best to find reasons to laugh.

（笑）

To fight boredom and amuse himself while in the CMU,

実際 私は CMU 収容中の マクガワンに面会を求め

McGowan had been spreading a rumor that I was secretly the president of a Twilight fan club in Washington, DC.

面会が認められました

(Laughter)

これには驚きました

For the record, I'm not.

理由の１つ目は 以前に TED のステージで話したように

(Laughter)

FBI が私の報道活動を監視しているのを 知っていたからです

But I kind of the hope the FBI now thinks that Bella and Edward are terrorist code names.

理由の２つ目は 私が CMU を訪れる 最初で唯一のジャーナリストとなったからです

(Laughter)

さらに分かったのは

During our visit, McGowan spoke most and at length about his niece Lily, his wife Jenny

連邦刑務局を通じて 対テロ本部は

and how torturous it feels to never be able to hug them, to never be able to hold their hands.

私の CMU に関する発言を監視していること 例えばこのトークもそうです

Three months after our visit, McGowan was transferred out of the CMU

なのに どうして 私の面会が認められたのか？

and then, without warning, he was sent back again.

刑務所に出向く数日前に その理由が分かりました

I had published leaked CMU documents on my website

私は記者ではなく友人として 面会が認められたのです

and the Counterterrorism Unit said that McGowan had called his wife and asked her to mail them.

記者は CMU への立ち入り禁止です

He wanted to see what the government was saying about him, and for that he was sent back to the CMU.

マクガワンが CMU 当局に言われました 私が質問したり

When he was finally released at the end of his sentence, his story got even more Kafkaesque.

会話を公表したりすれば

He wrote an article for the Huffington Post headlined,

私の報道により マクガワンが罰せられると

"Court Documents Prove I was Sent to a CMU for my Political Speech."

私が面会に行くと 看守に念押しをされました

The next day he was thrown back in jail for his political speech.

私と私の職業を知っているぞ とね

His attorneys quickly secured his release, but the message was very clear: Don't talk about this place.

そして 私がインタビューを試みようものなら

Today, nine years after they were opened by the Bush administration,

面会は終了になると言われました

the government is codifying how and why CMUs were created.

刑務局は CMU を 「自己完結型住宅設備」と表現します

According to the Bureau of Prisons, they are for prisoners with "inspirational significance."

でも私にはジョージ・オーウェル風な ブラックホールの描写に思えます

I think that is very nice way of saying these are political prisons for political prisoners.

CMU を訪れたら

Prisoners are sent to a CMU because of their race, their religion or their political beliefs.

考えられる全ての セキュリティ・チェックを通ります

Now, if you think that characterization is too strong, just look at some of the government's own documents.

でも 面会室への通路は静かです

When some of McGowan's mail was rejected by the CMU, the sender was told

CMU では囚人１人の面会時に 他の監房が全て封鎖されるからです

it's because the letters were intended "for political prisoners."

私は小部屋に招き入れられました

When another prisoner, animal rights activist Andy Stepanian, was sent to a CMU,

両腕を広げると 両手が壁に触れるほどです

it was because of his anti-government and anti-corporate views.

天井に グレープフルーツ大の 球体がありました

Now, I know all of this may be hard to believe,

ウェスト・ヴァージニア州の対テロ本部が 面会を同時中継で監視するためです

that it's happening right now, and in the United States.

CMU の収容者への面会は英語でと 本部から要求されました

But the unknown reality is that the US has a dark history of disproportionately punishing people because of their political beliefs.

これは イスラム圏出身の家族の多くにとって 更なる試練です

In the 1960s, before Marion was home to the CMU, it was home to the notorious Control Unit.

防弾仕様の磨りガラスがあり

Prisoners were locked down in solitary for 22 hours a day.

そのガラスの向こうに ダニエル・マクガワンがいました

The warden said the unit was to "control revolutionary attitudes."

壁に設置された ハンドセットで 会話をし

In the 1980s, another experiment called the Lexington High Security Unit

本や映画について話しました

held women connected to the Weather Underground,

私たちは 笑えるネタを探そうと 最善を尽くしました

Black Liberation and Puerto Rican independent struggles.

CMU 収容中の 退屈対策として 自分自身を楽しませるため

The prison radically restricted communication and used sleep deprivation,

マクガワンは うわさを流していました

and constant light for so-called "ideological conversion."

私が実は トワイライト・ファン倶楽部 ワシントン DC 本部の代表だと

Those prisons were eventually shut down, but only through the campaigning of religious groups and human rights advocates, like Amnesty International.

（笑）

Today, civil rights lawyers with the Center for Constitutional Rights are challenging CMUs in court

念のためですが 本当は違うんですよ

for depriving prisoners of their due process rights and for retaliating against them for their protected political and religious speech.

（笑）

Many of these documents would have never come to light without this lawsuit.

でもある意味 ちょっと面白いですね？

The message of these groups and my message for you today

FBI が 「ベラとエドワード」を テロリストのコード・ネームだと思ったら

is that we must bear witness to what is being done to these prisoners.

（笑）

Their treatment is a reflection of the values held beyond prison walls.

面会でマクガワンが一番多く長く話したのは 姪御さんのリリーや

This story is not just about prisoners.

奥さんのジェニーのこと そして 彼女たちにハグができず

It is about us.

彼女たちの手さえ握れないのが 耐え難い拷問だということでした

It is about our own commitment to human rights.

私たちの面会の後 マクガワンは CMU 以外の刑務所に移送となり

It is about whether we will choose to stop repeating the mistakes of our past.

その後 前触れなく CMU に逆戻りになりました

If we don't listen to what Father Berrigan described as the stories of the dead,

それ以前に私は CMU の漏えい文書を 私のウェブサイトで公開していましたが

they will soon become the stories of ourselves.

テロ対策本部いわく マクガワンが妻に電話をかけて

Thank you.

テロ対策本部に手紙を書くよう 頼んだとのこと

(Applause)

政府が自分をどう言っているか マクガワンは 知りたがり

(Applause ends)

そのせいで マクガワンは CMU に戻されたのです

Tom Rielly: I have a couple questions.

やっと釈放されたのは 刑期が終わったときですが

When I was in high school, I learned about the Bill of Rights, the Constitution, freedom of speech,

彼の身の上は 更に カフカ的様相を帯びます

due process and about 25 other laws and rights that seem to be violated by this.

彼は ハフィントンポストに寄稿し その見出しは

How could this possibly be happening?

『裁判記録が証明― 私が CMU に送られた理由は政治的演説』

Will Potter: I think that's the number one question I get throughout all of my work,

翌日 彼は政治的演説のせいで またもや拘留されました

and the short answer is that people don't know.

すぐに弁護士が 保釈手続きをしましたが

I think the solution to any of these types of situations, any rights abuses, are really dependent on two things.

メッセージは明白でした

They're dependent on knowledge that it's actually happening

「CMU について語るべからず」です

and then a means and efficacy to actually make a change.

ブッシュ政権が CMU を 開設してから９年後の現在

And unfortunately with these prisoners, one, people don't know what's happening at all

政府は CMU 設立の経緯と理由を 成文化しようとしています

and then they're already disenfranchised populations

連邦刑務局によれば

who don't have access to attorneys, not native English speakers.

CMUは「思想的な影響の大きい」 囚人を収容する施設ということです

In some of these cases, they have great representation that I mentioned,

CMU が 政治的な囚人のための 政治的な監獄だと

but there's just not a public awareness of what's happening.

体裁よく言っている訳です

TR: Isn't it guaranteed in prison that you have right to council or access to council?

CMU 送りにされる理由は

WP: There's a tendency in our culture to see when people have been convicted of a crime,

人種 宗教 政治的信条です

no matter if that charge was bogus or legitimate,

この評価付けが キツすぎると思うなら

that whatever happens to them after that is warranted.

政府自らの文書に目を通してください

And I think that's a really damaging and dangerous narrative that we have,

マクガワンへの手紙が CMU に 拒絶されたとき送り主に伝えられた理由は

that allows these types of things to happen,

「政治的な囚人に宛てられた 手紙だから」でした

as the general public just kind of turns a blind eye to it.

また別の囚人で動物擁護活動家の アンディ・ステパニアンが

TR: All those documents on screen were all real documents, word for word, unchanged at all, right?

CMUに移送された理由は 反政府的かつ反企業主義的な見解でした

WP: Absolutely. I've actually uploaded all of them to my website.

こんなことが起こるなんて 信じがたいことかもしれませんが

It's willpotter.com/CMU and it's a footnoted version of the talk,

今まさに起こっているのです しかも合衆国内でです

so you can see the documents for yourself without the little snippets.

でも 知る人は少ないですが 合衆国には 暗い歴史があります

You can see the full version.

政治的信条を理由に 人を不当に処罰してきた歴史です

I relied overwhelmingly on primary source documents or on primary interviews with former and current prisoners,

1960 年代 マリオンに CMU が設置される前

with people that are dealing with this situation every day.

マリオンには悪名高い監視監房がありました

And like I said, I've been there myself, as well.

囚人たちは 1 日に 22 時間 独房に監禁されていました

TR: You're doing courageous work.