Name: 心理学入門 - クラッシュコース心理学 #1 (Intro to Psychology - Crash Course Psychology #1)
Uploaded: 2021-01-14T05:37:32.000Z
Duration: 10 min 54 s
Description: VoiceTubeの動画で発音を聞きながら英語表現を覚えよう！学べる英語：

That dream about the dinosaur in the leotard, those times that you said that thing that

程度の副詞

you know you shouldn't have said, or even that thing you didn't even know you were gonna

say. The little cogs of your consciousness cranking away, making your life possible,

making society function, all of the things that you're so glad you can do and all of

the ones that you wish you could stop doing. Excluding other human minds, your mind is

the most complicated piece of the universe that humans currently know about. The rules

that govern it are mysterious and elusive. Maybe our brains just aren't complex enough

to understand themselves. But that's not going to stop us from trying!

The word 'psychology' comes from the Latin for the "study of the soul." And while its

formal definition has evolved over the last several decades, today we can safely call

it the science of behavior and mental processes. The term 'psychology' wasn't coined until

around the turn of the sixteenth century, and the practice that we would actually call

science today wasn't established until the mid-1800s. But of course, humans have always

been curious about themselves and what's going on up here. Aristotle pondered the seed of

human consciousness and decided that it was in the heart, not the head -- being, as we

have seen quite a lot here on Crash Course, absolutely and completely wrong.

Two thousand years ago, Chinese rulers conducted the world's first psychological exams, requiring

public officials to take personality and intelligence tests. And in the late 800s, Persian doctor

Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Rhazes, also known as Rhazes, was one of the first to describe

mental illness, and even treated patients in what was essentially a very early psych

From the efforts of those early thinkers up until today, the field of psychology has been

all about tackling some of the big questions: How can humans do horrible things like commit

genocide and torture other humans, and how come we know those things are horrible? Do

we have free will, or are we simply driven by our environment, biology, and non-conscious

influences? What is mental illness, and what can we do about it? And what is consciousness?

Or the notion of self? If I lose my awareness of myself, am I still human?

But over the next 6 months, these are the questions that we're gonna be exploring together:

how our brains work, how they can break, how they can be healed, why we behave the way

we do, even when we don't want to, and what it means to be thinking and feeling and alive.

When hearing the word psychology, most people probably think of a therapist listening to

a patient unpacking the details of his day while reclining on a couch. Maybe that therapist

is wearing glasses, chewing on a cigar, stroking his whiskered chin.

Admit it! If you're thinking about psychology, you're probably picturing Freud.

Sigmund Freud was one of the most tremendously influential and controversial thinkers of

his time, maybe of all time. His theories helped build our views on childhood, personality,

dreams and sexuality. And his work fueled a legacy of both support and opposition.

His life was long and spanned an important swath of history from the American Civil War

to World War II. But like most great scientists, Freud developed his revolutionary ideas by

building on the work of others, and of course innovation in the field didn't stop with him.

In truth, psychology is one of the most wildly diverse sciences in terms of the questions

it proposes, the methods it applies, and the different schools of thought and disciplines

Perhaps more than any other science, psychology is just a big old integrated melting pot.

For instance, right around Freud's time, there were a lot of different schools of thought

of about how the study of the human mind should be tackled. Mainly, there were the ideas of

structuralism, functionalism and psychoanalysis.

Scientific psychology got its start in 1879 in Germany when physician Wilhelm Wundt set

up the first psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig just a few years after

publishing his Principles of Physiological Psychology, considered the first true psychology

Wundt and his student Edward Bradford Titchener took cues from chemists and physicists and

argued that if those people could break down all matter into simple elements or structures,

why couldn't they do the same for the brain?

They tried to understand the structures of consciousness by getting patients to look

inward, asking them how they felt when they watched the sun set, or smelled a coffee,

Titchener named this approach 'structuralism', but despite its rigid sounding name, it really

relied so much on introspection that it became too subjective. I mean, you may sense and

feel something different that I do, even if we lick the same kitten. Psychologists, of

course, can't actually observe a patient's inner thoughts or feelings, so ultimately,

the structuralist school of thought was fairly short-lived.

By contrast, American physician and philosopher William James proposed a different set of

questions, focusing on why we think and feel and smell and lick, or whatever. Basically,

he focused on the function of behavior. This approach, 'functionalism', was based on Charles

Darwin's idea that adaptive behaviors are conserved throughout the evolutionary process.

James published his seminal book, The Principles of Psychology, in 1890, defining psychology

as the science of mental life, just as Freud was starting to flex his big brain.

Sigmund Freud began his medical career at a Viennese hospital, but in 1886, he started

his own practice, specializing in nervous disorders. During this time, Freud witnessed

his colleague Josef Breuer treat a patient called Anna O with a new talking cure. Basically,

he just let her talk about her symptoms. The more she talked and pulled up traumatic memories,

the more her symptoms were reduced. It was a breakthrough, and it changed Freud forever.

From then on, Freud encouraged his patients to talk freely about whatever came to mind,

to free associate. This technique provided the basis for his career, and an entire branch

In 1900 he published his book The Interpretation of Dreams, where he introduced his theory

of psychoanalysis. Now, you probably think of psychoanalysis as a treatment -- the whole

patient on the couch scenario. And that's definitely part of it. But Freud's concept

was actually a lot more complex than that, and it was revolutionary.

A radical kernel of psychoanalysis was the theory that our personalities are shaped by

unconscious motives. Basically Freud suggested that we're all profoundly affected by mental

Now that sounds almost obvious to us now, but part of the genius of Freud's theory was

that in 1900, it wasn't obvious at all. The idea that our minds could be driven by something

that our minds themselves didn't know about was hard to grasp. As hard as like, uhh, maybe

organisms evolving by natural selection. It was abstract, invisible, and there was something

But the other important part of Freud's theory was that the unconscious, literally the thing

below consciousness, was still discoverable. Even though you weren't aware of it, you could

come to understand it through a therapeutic technique that used dreams, projections and

free association to root out repressed feelings and and gain self-insight.

So what Freud was really saying was that mental disorders could be healed through talk therapy

and self-discovery. And this was a really big breakthrough. Because prior to this, people

with mental illnesses would be confined to sanatoriums and at best given menial labor

to do and at worst, shackled to a bed frame.

After The Interpretations of Dreams, Freud went on to publish over 20 more books and

countless papers with an iconic cigar in hand all the while. He believed smoking helped