Name: アイルランドがアイルランド共和国と北アイルランドに分裂した理由 (Why Ireland split into the Republic of Ireland & Northern Ireland)
Uploaded: 2021-01-14T05:37:00.000Z
Duration: 11 min 49 s
Description: VoiceTubeの動画で発音を聞きながら英語表現を覚えよう！学べる英語：

基礎受動態

This is the island of Ireland. The island is politically split between the Republic of Ireland

an independent country, and Northern Ireland, which, together with Scotland,

England and Wales, form the United Kingdom.

But why exactly is the island split? And when did it happen?

To fully understand the situation, we need to go all the way back to the 12th century…

after the Normans had successfully invaded England, and taken the throne, they decided to invade Ireland.

Henry II, with the authorisation of Pope Adrian IV, to strengthen the Papacy’s control over

the Irish Church, landed in Ireland in 1171, and took control of large parts of Ireland.

And in the following year, the Lordship of Ireland was created, in which the

Lord of Ireland was also the King of England

The Lordship of Ireland was a Papal Possession held by the King of England.

This was the beginning of what would become centuries of English, and later British rule,

Officially, the Lordship of Ireland ruled the over entire island, but in reality, control

was much less than this. And over the years, English control of Ireland receded over time.

This was a time before there was a religious difference between Ireland and England

The English and Native Irish were both Catholic nations, as this was a time before the emergence of Protestantism.

So many of the Normans in Ireland assimilated into Irish culture and some were said to have

become “more Irish than the Irish themselves”.

Laws were introduced which banned intermarriage between English settlers and the Gaelic Irish,

as well as a ban on use of the Irish language, but these laws were largely ineffective.

By the late 15th century, English rule was limited to an area known as The Pale.

The early 16th century and what became known as the Protestant Reformation, in which many

European powers turned their back on the Roman Catholic Church, forming a new branch of the Christian Faith.

Although the Reformation was about religion, it also had a lot to do with politics as well

With Henry VIII as the King of England, the Pope refused to allow him to annul his marriage

to Catherine of Aragon. This, as well as other contributing factors, caused Henry VIII to

break away from the Roman Catholic Church and established the Church of England, with

With this, the situation in Ireland became uncertain, as Ireland was a Papal possession

with the King of England as Lord of Ireland.

In 1542, after an Act of Irish Parliament, Henry VIII was proclaimed King of Ireland,

as the Lordship of Ireland became the Kingdom of Ireland.

However, Henry VIII was not recognised by the Catholic powers throughout Europe.

After Henry VIII’s death in 1547, his Protestant-raised 9-year-old son Edward VI ascended to the throne,

but he died of illness just a few years later at the age of 15.

Mary I, Henry VIII’s daughter, was next in line to the throne, and since Mary was

nearly 20 years older than her half-brother Edward, she was raised before the Protestant Reformation,

and was therefore Catholic. Because of this, Mary I was recognised as the Queen of Ireland.

Ireland had remained loyal to the Pope and the island was almost entirely Catholic

In 1603, after the death of Queen Elizabeth I, the last of the Tudor Dynasty, James VI

of Scotland also became King of England, because of his somewhat unique family ancestry in

which he was son of Mary I Queen of Scots and also the great-great-grandson of Henry

VII. He was therefore known as James I King of England, and also King of Ireland as well

This was known as the Union of Crowns in which Scotland, England and Ireland all shared a common monarch

In 1609, under James I’s reign, the Plantation of Ulster was a process by which Scottish

and English settlers confiscated land from the Gaelic Irish. This was seen as a way to

stop rebellion in the north, as Ulster had been a region of Ireland most resistant to English Rule

Although there had been plenty of plantations in Ireland throughout the years, the Plantation

of Ulster was by far the most successful, and within just a few decades, the Protestant

colonist population was thriving, and even made-up a majority in some areas in the north.

In 1641, Irish Catholics in Ulster staged a rebellion against the settlers, which led

to the Irish Confederate Wars - between the Irish Catholic Confederation and the Scottish

and English settlers. Most of the island of Ireland was under de facto Irish Catholic rule for a several years.

This was until 1649, when Oliver Cromwell and his New Model Army conquered Ireland,

after overthrowing the English Monarchy, executing King Charles I, and declaring himself

Lord Protector of Scotland, England and Ireland.

Cromwell ruled over the three kingdoms until his death in 1658. During this time there

was more confiscation of land from Native Catholics, and anyone even suspected of being

involved in the 1641 rebellion was executed.

His son Richard very briefly ruled afterwards, but the monarchy was restored in 1660, when

Charles II became King, son of the executed Charles I.

Charles II was Protestant, but his brother, James II, had converted to Catholicism during

his time in France. So when Charles II died in 1685, England, Scotland and Ireland once

At this point, the majority of people in England and Scotland were Protestant and many were

uneasy with James II as their monarch. However, next in line to the throne was

This all changed in 1688 with the birth of his son - the would-be James III, who would

undoubtedly be raised Catholic. The only reason his daughter Mary was Protestant was because

his late brother and former King demanded she be raised as such.

So with this change, it looked like Scotland and England would have a Catholic monarchy

The birth of the King’s son sparked what became known as the Glorious Revolution in

which the two major political parties invited William of Orange to invade England and take the throne

William successfully defeated his father-in-law… who also happened to be his uncle since

William and Mary were first cousins… and they took the throne together as William III and Mary II

Of course, this also made them King and Queen of Ireland, and with a Catholic majority,

this was obviously not well received. This started a war in Ireland between the native Irish

led by James II, who were mainly Catholic against the Kingdoms and Scotland and England.

The Williamite War in Ireland resulted in victory for King William.

For the next century, Catholic majority Ireland was ruled by a Protestant minority,

In 1707, the Kingdom of Scotland and the Kingdom of England joined to create the Kingdom of Great Britain

And then, in 1798, there was an uprising against British rule in Ireland,

in the Irish Rebellion of 1798, inspired by the French Revolution a decade earlier.

The rebellion failed, but caused a lot of uncertainty on the political situation of Ireland

There were concerns that Ireland could ally themselves with France and break

away from British rule. So in 1801, Ireland joined the Union, and became the United Kingdom

Opposition to the Union was strong, and occasionally escalated into violence. The late 1800s saw

a rise in demand for self-government, and in 1886 the first Home Rule was proposed.

In response to this, the Liberal Unionist Party was created, in support of the Union,

The Bill failed, as did the second Bill proposed in 1892, but in 1914, the 3rd Home Rule bill was passed.

But 1914 was also the year in which World War 1 started, and therefore the Bill was put on hold.

With the British army were still occupied with the War in Europe, Irish Republicans

staged a rebellion in Dublin, called the Easter Rising, with a goal of putting an end to British

rule in Ireland, and establish an Irish Republic.

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アイルランドがアイルランド共和国と北アイルランドに分裂した理由 (Why Ireland split into the Republic of Ireland & Northern Ireland)

majority

English

parliament

british