Name: 第一次世界大戦はどのように始まったのか？クラッシュコース 世界史209 (HOW World War I Started: Crash Course World History 209)
Uploaded: 2021-01-14T05:33:52.000Z
Duration: 9 min 10 s
Description: VoiceTubeの動画で発音を聞きながら英語表現を覚えよう！学べる英語：

Hi, I'm John Green, this is Crash Course World History and today we're going to talk about

様態の副詞

World War I. We actually have two videos about World War I. Today we're going to talk about

how World War I happened. Next week we're going to talk about why. World War I is a

really big deal. Especially to those of us who are really interested in like, industrialization

and nation-states and modernity. So usually we don't talk that much about wars, but we're

Mr. Green, Mr. Green, "Exception?" Cue the Mongol-tage.

Yeah, no me from the past. We don't roll the Mongol-tage every time we use the word exception,

we roll it when we're talking about how the Mongols are an exception to a lot of our assumptions

Stan, Stan- No, there are no Mongols today, we are talking about World War I.

So I'm filming this in 2014, which means that the great war started 100 years ago and the

World War I Centenary is just so hot right now, I can't miss out on it.

So most historians agree that the event that started World War I was the assassination

of Austrian archduke Franz Ferdinand on June 28, 1914, but beyond that, there's not a lot of agreement.

Others say the war really started after Franz Ferdinand bit it. Like when Germany declared

war or when Russia mobilized. So looking at why a war or any historical event happened

means looking for a cause and effect relationship that implicitly assumes that if one particular

event in a chain of events had gone differently, the historical outcome would also be different.

This is why we have alternate history novels. Right , like what would have happened in the

American Civil War if the South had won the Battle at Gettysburg? What would have happened

if the Nazis had repulsed the D-day invasion? In both cases, probably eventually the same

outcome but that's neither here nor there.

The question we're looking at today is how. And that's a much more modest question because

we can simply discuss a series of events but it's still a complicated one

because when you're talking about how, you're always picking from an uncountable number

of things that happened. You know, a butterfly flaps its wings and that leads to a series

of events and then eventually across the world an archduke gets killed.

So even when it comes to a relatively straightforward question like how, you'll never get to the

bottom of all of it, but today we're going to discuss some of the how.

So one way or another, all wars start with a breakdown in peaceful relations between

the eventual belligerents and World War I is no exception.

Oh, for the love of agriculture please stop it.

Right, but World War I is a bit unusual in that we have a concrete event and a date to

start our discussion. Sometimes we get lucky, historically, and there's an invasion that

starts a war like in the Korean conflict or the firing on Fort Sumter in the American Civil War.

But other times, it's much more butterfly effect-y with events that might or might not

lead to a war, building upon each other until one side mobilizes or declares war or there's

But here we have a specific assassination of a specific archduke, Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo.

Now it wasn't a great day for Franz to visit Bosnia since it was the anniversary of the

Serbs defeat at Kosovo Polje in 1389 and also St. Vitus's day, which was a celebration for

Slavic nationalists and a Bosnian Serb named Gavrilo Princip and his co-conspirators chose

to celebrate Slavic nationalism by killing Franz Ferdinand.

Now they didn't choose Franz Ferdinand at random. He was the heir apparent of the Austro-Hungarian Empire

Franz Ferdinand wasn't particularly well liked, not by his uncle who was the head of the Austro-Hungarian Empire,

certainly not by Bosnian Serb nationalists, also not really by everyone else in Europe

except for the German Kaiser, but Franz Ferdinand was in his way kind of a moderate.

Oh it's time for the open letter. Oh look it's a collection of my favorite assassinated

moderates. It's hard out there for a moderate.

Dear moderates, so one of the reasons that Franz Ferdinand's uncle didn't like him that

much is that the emperor was really hardcore, whereas Franz Ferdinand, you know, he was

He was like you know, "I'm an Austro-Hungarian through and through but I see the Serbian arguement."

Really, Franz Ferdinand was the one leader in the empire who might have come up with

a solution to the problems of Serbian expansion and Bosnian independence. And murdering moderates

has a way of making other moderates, you know, more extreme. In short moderates, your work

may not be romantic, it may not appeal to the youth, but it is heroic and very dangerous.

So even though Franz Ferdinand's uncle didn't particularly like him, as the emperor of Austria-Hungary,

he felt a certain responsibility to, you know, do something. Otherwise the Serbia nationalists

would feel like they could expand their territory at the expense of the empire, so despite what

you often hear about World War I being pointless, this makes sense as a point sort of.

Now it's a bit of schoolyard bully kind of diplomacy, but it does make a certain sense,

if Serbia can get bigger, then all of the other places will think that they can have

have nations too. Soon enough, you don't have an empire.

Now there's still some debate about whether Princip and his fellow assassins acted alone

or as part of a larger conspiracy organized by the Serbian government. But the Austrians

certainly thought there was broader involvement which is why the whole thing ended up becoming a war.

So Princip was a member of the scary sounding Black Hand, a group dedicated to creating

a greater Serbia that would include Bosnia and there's some evidence that the Serbian

chief of military intelligence was in on the assassination plot or at least knew about it.

In fact, it's likely that the bombs and pistols the assassins used were supplied by

a Serbian army officer, but this is still pretty controversial so much so that people

are currently fighting about it in comments.

So almost a month after the assassination, on July 23, Austria issued an ultimatum to

Serbia. And Austria intentionally made the demands so harsh that the Serbs would inevitably

have to reject them and ergo war, but that doesn't explain the month long delay.

What happened in that month? Well Austria's foreign minister, Berchtold, was afraid that

if they attacked Serbia, Russia would then attack Austria-Hungary, so the Austrians spent

that month talking to their ally, Germany to make sure the Germans would have Austria's

back. The Austro-Hungarians got assurance on July 5 or July 6 in the form of what has

been called the "blank check", a promise from Germany that they would help Austria if Russia mobilized.

And it was clear that the Germans expected the Austrians to move quickly in

response to the assassination, not like wait for another twenty days. So usually I don't

care about dates, but at this point the timing becomes pretty important. Let's go to the Thought Bubble.

So when the Serbs received the Austrians ultimatum, Russia declared itself to be in a period preparatory

to war, which sounds a lot like mobilization but technically it wasn't, which Russia's

foreign minister emphasized to the Germans.

The Tsar proved the measure on July 25, and it went into effect on July 26.

The Serbs rejected Austria's ultimatum on July 25, but they made their rejection sound

like a capitulation so the Germans thought that war had been averted. And they were kind

of surprised then on July 28 when Austria suddenly declared war on Serbia even though

the Austrian army wasn't actually ready to start fighting.

Then on July 30, Russia exited its period preparatory to war and actually officially

mobilized. Germany warned the Russians to stand down but two days later on August 1,

France mobilized it's armed forces in support of Russia and that same day, Germany mobilized

So if you're keeping score at home - and good historians always do - Austria and Germany

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第一次世界大戦はどのように始まったのか？クラッシュコース世界史209 (HOW World War I Started: Crash Course World History 209)

world

happen

declare

exception

第一次世界大戦はどのように始まったのか？クラッシュコース 世界史209 (HOW World War I Started: Crash Course World History 209)

world

happen

declare

exception

第一次世界大戦はどのように始まったのか？クラッシュコース世界史209 (HOW World War I Started: Crash Course World History 209)