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  • Thank you very much, Caitlin, Bobby, ladies and gentlemen.

  • I wasn't sure I was coming to fashion week.

  • President Levin, Vice President Lorimer, if I had -- you

  • know, all I got was this little class napkin.

  • I feel if it were a little bigger, I'd turn it into

  • a doo-rag so I could feel right at home.

  • [LAUGHTER AND APPLAUSE]

  • I just went over and said a word to Dean Brenzel, because

  • you may have seen he had an article in the Huffington Post.

  • It said, now if they'd asked me to give this speech, this

  • is what I would have said.

  • It's really good.

  • It's really good.

  • But if you had done that then I'd have missed all your hats.

  • How could anybody possibly be worried about the future of the

  • world when it's in your hand?

  • [APPLAUSE]

  • I mean anybody with this kind of judgment and head gear

  • will have no problem solving all the other challenges.

  • Let me say, in all seriousness, I'm honored to be here.

  • I congratulate the graduates, and I want to thank you and

  • your families, your friends, the faculty and staff for

  • letting me share this day.

  • I am profoundly grateful to Yale because of the things I

  • learned, the professors I had, the friends of a lifetime, the

  • fact that I still work with a lot of people from Yale in

  • public health and endeavors we have together in Ethiopia

  • and in Liberia.

  • The President of Liberia, Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf is

  • here and I thank her.

  • But most of all, I'm grateful because if I hadn't come here I

  • never would have met Hilary.

  • [APPLAUSE]

  • So, she's been in Shanghai for two days at this big world expo

  • they're having over there, and she called me last night and

  • told me she had given this speech and how much it meant to

  • her, how much you loved it.

  • She didn't prepare me for your sartorial splendor quite as

  • much as she should have, but I'm very proud of the work

  • she's doing and I'm very grateful to Yale because I

  • would have missed it if I hadn't come here.

  • And we've had a remarkable life together.

  • I say that because we've been gone from Yale since 1973

  • -- that's 37 years, if my math still works.

  • And yet it seems to me as if we were here yesterday.

  • So I thought and thought and thought.

  • I said how can I be brief, which I owe you -- you know,

  • when you have as good a sense of humor as you've displayed

  • today, you're at least entitled to a short speech, and still

  • say something that might be helpful.

  • Here's the best I can do.

  • The world you are going into that you will shape, should be

  • the most interesting, exciting, fulfilling, stunning

  • time in human history.

  • I mean after all, we've torn down all these barriers of time

  • and space and people are no longer confined to where they

  • were born, and so America has become explosively diverse.

  • You might be interested to know that at our pavilion in

  • Shanghai, one of the things that is most emphasized is how

  • there's somebody here from everywhere.

  • I'm trying to get the World Cup of soccer to come to America in

  • 2018 or 2022, and my main pitch is this is the only place you

  • can go where everybody will have a home team

  • cheering squad.

  • It's an amazing thing and it makes life a

  • lot more interesting.

  • The internet is amazing.

  • When I became President, believe it or not -- I know for

  • a lot of you this is the dark ages, but it was really just

  • yesterday -- on January of 1993, January 20th, you know

  • how many sites there were on the entire worldwide web? 50.

  • 5-0.

  • More than that have been added since I started talking.

  • The average cell phone on the day I took the Oath of

  • Office weighed five pounds.

  • Now you know somebody like me with big hands has to have one

  • wide enough so that you only had to redial about one

  • in every four times.

  • It's a fascinating time.

  • Look at all these scientific discoveries that have been

  • coming out -- the genome was sequenced first in 2000,

  • probably the major scientific advance of the eight years I

  • served, and I spent a lot of your family's tax money

  • trying to get that done.

  • [LAUGHTER]

  • But certainly the most amusing, off-shoot of genome research

  • appeared the last couple of weeks when we learned that

  • every one of us in our genomic make up are between 1% and 4%

  • descended from neanderthals.

  • And I'm glad all of us made it because if only the men had

  • made it, we'd never hear the end of it.

  • And now we all have an excuse for every dumb thing we've ever

  • done going back to age five.

  • It's great.

  • I say that but it is interesting.

  • It is interesting furthermore that the genome sequencing's

  • first profoundly significant finding was that, from a

  • genetic point of view, all human beings are

  • 99.9% the same.

  • Then Craig Ventor's independent project said, no that's all

  • wrong, we're only 99.5% the same.

  • Now with three billion units, 4/10 of 1% is significant, but

  • from a social, political, philosophical point of

  • view, it doesn't matter.

  • You just look around this vast crowd of your classmates, every

  • single physical difference you can see is the product of

  • somewhere between 1/10 and 5/10 of a percent of your

  • genetic makeup.

  • And what I want to say is most of us spend 99% of our

  • time thinking about that 1/10, the 5/10 of 1%.

  • You're going to have a lot of people tell you, and it'll all

  • be true, how smart you are, how gifted you are, how fortunate

  • you've been, how, as our committee said, if we just give

  • one of you a lever, you can move the world.

  • It's all true.

  • What I want you to take a few minutes thinking about is the

  • 99.5% of you, because my basic belief is the only way that you

  • can make the most of the world that lies before you, is to

  • believe that it's interesting and fascinating and profoundly

  • important as all of our diversities are, our common

  • humanity matters more.

  • And that leads us to certain fundamental conclusion, as does

  • the fact that our fate has caught up with the fate of

  • the planet which we occupy.

  • I think about this a lot now.

  • I think about what young people who have more tomorrows than

  • yesterdays are to make of the world they have inherited.

  • It's really quite extraordinary.

  • I read just this week, we had this amazing breakthrough in

  • physics attempting to determine how life on earth began, and

  • the results seem to suggest that subatomic elements of

  • matter, which normally under the laws of physics would be

  • expected to cancel each other out over and over and over

  • again so life could never have formed in the first place,

  • didn't because there were slightly more positive than

  • negative elements of the most basic building block of matter.

  • If that's true, it is a metaphor for how

  • you have to live.

  • Thank God and the primordial slime that positive

  • outweighed the negative.

  • That's about it, and about what you have to do.

  • And I say that because the world you live in for all

  • of its joys has three problems not very much

  • in evident here today.

  • It is too unstable, it is too unequal, and it is

  • completely unsustainable.

  • So that if you want your children and grandchildren to

  • be sitting on this lawn with their own inevitable choices of

  • funky hats, you got to deal with those three things, and

  • you gotta deal with them as an integral part of your life, not

  • something that's over here that you think about sometimes,

  • because these three challenges, that's where your 99.5%

  • to 99.9% comes in.

  • It doesn't matter how smart you are, it doesn't matter how

  • wealthy you grow, you're going to have to share

  • that with everyone.

  • The world is too unequal.

  • Half the world's people live on less than $2.00 a day, a

  • billion on less than $1.00 a day, a billion people have no

  • access to clean water, a billion people go to bed hungry

  • every night, two and a half billion people have no access

  • to sanitation, one in four of all the people who die on

  • planet earth this year will die of AIDS, tuberculosis, Malaria

  • and infections related to dirty water. 80% of them will

  • be children under five.

  • Those are the killers of the poor.

  • And there are no health networks out there

  • for many of them.

  • I work with wonderful people from Yale, who just took a

  • picture with me before I came in, and our Health Access

  • Initiative in Ethiopia and Liberia, and Ethiopia, when we

  • started, the country has 80 million people, 58 million live

  • in villages of fewer than 1,000, 60,000 villages, there

  • were 700 clinics in the whole country.

  • Now moving toward 17,000.

  • We get 17,000 built, everybody will be within a day's

  • walk of a health care.

  • These are things that we don't think about all the time,

  • but the world is unequal.

  • You're sitting here getting a degree from one of the greatest

  • universities in history, founded in 1701.

  • There are more than 100 million children today that still never

  • darkened a schoolhouse door, and another 100 million who go

  • to school but not really, because they don't have trained

  • teachers or adequate learning material.

  • When even one year of schooling in a poor country adds 10%

  • a year to learning capacity for life.

  • It's an unequal world within wealthy countries -- most but

  • not all, the world has grown more unequal.

  • The day before the financial meltdown, 2/3 of American

  • families after inflation had lower incomes than they did

  • the day I left office seven and a half years earlier.

  • Median family income dropped $2,000 while the cost of health

  • care doubled, the cost of college after inflation went up

  • 75%, and America fell from first to tenth in the world for

  • the first time since World War II in the percentage of our

  • young people 25 to 35 that had four year degrees.

  • Now I think the Bill just passed by Congress to cut the

  • cost of student loans, the cost of repayment, and let all of

  • you pay it back as a share of your income is a very good

  • start, because that means people can graduate from

  • college with a degree and still join Teach For America, still

  • join the Peace Corps, still join Americorps, still go out

  • into rural areas and serve people, or go halfway

  • around the world.

  • This is a very good thing, but we have to face the

  • fact that our own country grew more unequal.

  • The world is more unstable.

  • It's entirely too unstable.

  • We deal with the threat of terror in every country -- in

  • America, all the way from the first World Trade Center

  • bombing in 1993 to this poor tragic Pakistani man who got

  • two degrees in America, got his citizenship, used it to fly

  • home to Waziristan and learn how to make a bomb and tried to

  • set it off in Times Square.

  • Thank God he didn't learn his lesson very well, and

  • people escaped unharmed.

  • But it shows you that when you tear down all the walls and you

  • can break through all the barriers of information, that

  • the same things that empower you to get access to more

  • information more quickly than ever before, could empower

  • you to build bombs.

  • It's an unstable world.

  • The financial crisis started in America, pretty soon it's all

  • over Europe, then it hurts Latin America and Asia.

  • Now you've got Greece, a very small part of the European

  • union imperiling the whole enterprise of the common

  • currency and spooking investors around the world in every place

  • that has significant debt.

  • We have to reduce the instability.

  • And the third thing we have to recognize is that because of

  • the way we produce and consume energy, the world you live in

  • is totally unsustainable.

  • Oh, I know the climate change deniers got a little juice out

  • of some stolen emails at the University of East Anglia, but

  • an independent scientific panel just reviewed them and said

  • they confirm what everybody knows -- the world is warming

  • at an unsustainable rate that's going to lead to radical

  • variations in temperature.

  • When we had this huge snowfall in February, all on the East

  • coast, all the way down to Florida, they opened the

  • Olympics in Canada and it was so hot up there they were

  • afraid they wouldn't be able to start some of the

  • outdoor winter sports.

  • The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration just

  • released this week its finding that April was the hottest

  • April ever recorded.

  • Clearly, we have to do something, and a lot of people

  • are discouraged because there was no agreement

  • made in Copenhagen.

  • I'll come back to this, but the reason there was no agreement

  • in Copenhagen is simple -- unlike when Al Gore and I tried

  • to take this issue on, now nearly everybody accepts the

  • fact that climate change is real and caused by human

  • activity and we gotta do something about it.

  • But many people still don't believe we can do what we

  • need to do and still grow the economy.

  • When I was your age, a little younger, Martin Luther King

  • used to say, used to quote the great French writer Victor

  • Hugo, saying there's nothing so powerful as an idea

  • whose time has come.

  • Today with regard to this climate change issue, we ought

  • to say there's nothing more destructive than an idea whose

  • time has come and gone and people just won't give it up.

  • The truth is that if we change the way we produced and

  • consumed energy in an intelligent way, it would do

  • more than anything else we could do to reduce inequality,

  • start an economic boom, stabilize our future, as

  • well as deal with the sustainability issue.

  • It is the greatest opportunity this country has faced since we

  • mobilized for World War II, and this time it can be

  • entirely constructive.

  • [APPLAUSE]

  • And I'm going to make this point a little more explicitly

  • in a moment, but one problem we have in the modern world is we

  • got access to more information than ever before, but we don't

  • all listen to the same information.

  • America's a much more tolerant country today in most

  • conventional ways.

  • It's not as racist as it used to be, there's not the

  • religious prejudices as used to be, it's not as sexist as it

  • used to be, it's not as homophobic as it used to be

  • -- we're getting there.

  • The only place where we're bigoted now is we only want

  • to be around people who agree with us.

  • You think about it.

  • And in our media habits, we go to the television stuff, we go

  • to the radio talk shows, we go to the blog sites

  • that agree with us.

  • And it can have very bizarre consequences.

  • Hawaii, the State where President Obama was born, has

  • done everything they can to debunk this myth that he

  • wasn't born in America.

  • They've done everything but blow up his birth certificate,

  • put it in neon lights and hang it on the dome of the Capital.

  • But 45% of registered Republicans still believe

  • that he is serving unconstitutionally.

  • Why?

  • Because they've been told that by the only place they

  • go to get information.

  • I force myself to listen to people who disagree with me,

  • and to try to get into a fact-based mode.

  • So I will say again, I think that this is an enormous

  • opportunity for you, but you have to understand just about

  • anything you think is wrong with the world can be

  • categorized as a result of too much inequality, too

  • much instability, or too much unsustainability.

  • So the mission of every citizen, not just in the United

  • States, but every empowered person in the world in this

  • time has to be to build up the positive and reduce the

  • negative forces of our interdependence.

  • Whenever anybody asks me, what's your position on x, y or

  • z, I have this little filter that automatically runs the

  • question through and I ask myself will it build up the

  • positive and reduce the negative forces of

  • our interdependence?

  • If it will, I'm for it.

  • If it won't, I'm against it.

  • And I think it's really important to think about that.

  • Now let's talk about what that means.

  • It means that we have to be relentlessly committed to

  • change, and change is hard.

  • We once had a member of Congress when I served as

  • president who used to say, you know what they say

  • about change, let's do it, you go first.

  • It's hard.

  • First you have to have a vision of the future.

  • We've got to put America, and increasingly the world, more

  • determinedly in the future business.

  • Secondly, we have to ask the right questions

  • and answer them.

  • Most the time I was in politics, we

  • debated two things.

  • If you looked at the news or read the press, usually people

  • talk about two things.

  • One reason I combed the blogs is that they go beyond that.

  • But most discussion is what are you going to do and how much

  • money are you going to spend on it.

  • You agree?

  • We're going to do something in health care, how much will it

  • cost -- no, no, you should cut taxes, how much will

  • you spend, right.

  • There's almost no discussion about the third question, which

  • I predict to you will be the most important question, public

  • question, of your next 20 years, which is whatever you're

  • going to do and however much money you have or don't have,

  • how do you propose to do it, so you can turn your good

  • intentions into real changes in other people's lives.

  • The how question will determine how well we

  • move into the future.

  • And the last point I want to make about that is that when

  • you're determining how to do something, your goal should

  • be what in game theory is called a non-zero sum game.

  • One of the most influential books I've read since I

  • left the White House is Robert Right's Nonzero.

  • A zero-sum game, as all of you know, is the Yale-Harvard

  • football game, right.

  • I mean there's gotta be a winner and a loser.

  • We now in college football make people play 50-11 overtimes

  • until somebody drops, if necessary, until there is

  • a winner and a loser.

  • We're in the pro basketball championships -- fascinating

  • time -- they'll play as many overtimes as they have to until

  • somebody wins, and you know somebody won because

  • somebody lost.

  • A non-zero sum game is where both parties can win.

  • Zero-sum games are more fun on the playing fields -- they

  • don't work in the 21st century.

  • If the world is interdependent and too unequal, too unstable,

  • too unsustainable, obviously, if you wanted to change, you

  • have to find a way for everybody to win.

  • And that means politics is important, that means what you

  • do for a living is important, and how you do it is important.

  • Think of this.

  • Throughout most of human history the vast mass of

  • humanity didn't have a thousandths of the choices

  • you have before you today.

  • People didn't have any choice about what they did for a

  • living -- they worked to eat and support their families and

  • have shelter and keep people alive, and all over the

  • world today most people still do it that way.

  • You have choices.

  • And as you make those choices, you should do what makes you

  • happy -- most people are happiest doing what

  • they're best at.

  • But you should relentlessly, relentlessly, every single day

  • check yourself and say, am I building up the positive and

  • reducing the negative forces?

  • Am I helping to create a world in which we can all win?

  • Am I reducing the inequality, instability, unsustainability?

  • Am I building all these wonderful positive things

  • that I have loved so much in my life?

  • And, as I said, that requires you to be good at work, be

  • responsible when you have your own kids, cast intelligent

  • and informed votes.

  • And it also, in this new century, requires all of

  • us to be part of some non-governmental movement.

  • The NGO movement -- which many of you are already actively

  • participating in, in community service here, around the world

  • -- is older than the Republic.

  • Benjamin Franklin organized the first volunteer fire department

  • in the United States before the Constitution was ratified.

  • We've been doing this a long time.

  • But the whole movement has been in overdrive for

  • the last 12 years.

  • We have about a million foundations and 355,000

  • religious institutions doing this work in America -- half of

  • the foundations have been established in the last dozen

  • years, and there are parallels all over the world -- private

  • citizens doing public good.

  • The work we do in our foundation with Yale is an

  • example of what we try to do all over the world, in energy

  • and climate change and health care and education.

  • We try to figure out how to do things faster, better, at less

  • cost, and then get it adopted either by government or in a

  • new business model, so we can go on and do something else.

  • You need to do that, because you got a good deal out of that

  • 1/10 to 5/10 of a percent of your genetic makeup

  • that was different.

  • No matter how hard you work, no matter what you had to

  • overcome, you're still very fortunate to be here today.

  • You got a good deal, and you have lots of

  • choices going forward.

  • Some of those choices should be to do public good

  • as private citizens.

  • [APPLAUSE]

  • The problems with poor and rich countries are fundamentally

  • different, and your needed here and around the world.

  • The problem with poor people is they're just is smart as we are

  • and they work harder just to keep body and soul together,

  • but they don't have systems and organized structures that give

  • predictable consequences when they exert good efforts.

  • Just think of just the little thing you're taking for

  • granted here today.

  • You'd be shocked if this microphone went off and you

  • couldn't hear a word I'm saying, or if those

  • lights failed.

  • You know when you leave here, if you're hot and dry you can

  • get a drink of water and you'll be fine.

  • I spent a lot of my life in places where none of that

  • is taken for granted.

  • We take things for granted that other people don't have.

  • So, for Haiti, for example, the work I'm doing now with the UN,

  • and we have to build them systems so that the gifts of

  • their people can be manifest at home and they don't have to

  • come to the United States or Canada or France or someone

  • else for people to say boy, those people are smart and

  • gifted and wonderful.

  • Less than 2% of the African American population is Haitian.

  • 11% of our African American physicians are Haitians.

  • The head of one of the largest foundations in America's

  • a Haitian American.

  • Some of the most important people in the health care

  • community in New York City are Haitians.

  • The Haitians are rather like the Palestinians -- they're

  • only poor in their own backyard, and they deserve a

  • better deal and a chance to build a better future for their

  • children and I think you can give it to them. [APPLAUSE]

  • But it's important to realize that the reason that can happen

  • is there is an enlightened self-interest in the cache

  • transfers that all these wealthier countries and

  • multilateral organizations are going to send to Haiti.

  • They're our neighbors -- we realize our interdependence and

  • we want it to be positive.

  • But that means we have to keep getting better, too.

  • And the problems of wealthy countries are just the reverse.

  • We have systems, otherwise you wouldn't be here today, but the

  • problem with all systems is that at some point, going back

  • to the Sumerian civilization 8,000 years ago, the people who

  • are a part of those systems acquire a greater interest in

  • holding on to their position then continually advance the

  • purpose for which the system was set up in the first place.

  • So you tell me how we get off spending 17.2% of our

  • income on health care.

  • No one else spends more than 10 and one-half, and we now have

  • 40 countries with lower infant mortality rates than we have,

  • and we are ranked 35th in overall health outcomes.

  • And the people who fought the attempt to reform health care

  • and finally provide coverage to everybody said we were going to

  • mess up the health care system.

  • We spend 30% of our health care dollars on paperwork, no one

  • else spends more than 19 from all sources -- that's $215

  • billion a year, that's twice what it would take to give

  • everybody insurance.

  • So we have to be in the reform business, and we have to do it

  • with education, we have to do it with government, we have to

  • do with finance, we have to do with the financial regulations,

  • we have to do with energy.

  • And every place we do it we should ask ourselves

  • a simple question.

  • What will give us more positive interdependence and reduce

  • the negative interdependence?

  • A lot of this fight over the recent financial transactions

  • has, to me, missed the point -- not so much whether it's legal

  • or not but whether it's legal or not, does it make us more

  • unstable without doing anything to create more businesses, more

  • jobs, more investment, a broader future?

  • If the answer is yes, we should stop doing it whether

  • it's illegal or not.

  • You need to put the right filter on your glasses when

  • you look into the future and ask these questions.

  • You need to ask yourself what you can do about it.

  • And let me just like one final thing.

  • I talked about all these problems, but nobody could

  • stand where I'm standing and look at you and be pessimistic

  • about the future.

  • And I have always believed, the one thing I have never changed

  • my opinion on from when I was your age, I've always believed

  • that cynicism and pessimism were cop-outs -- they're

  • an excuse to take a dive.

  • They're self-fulfilling prophecies.

  • [APPLAUSE]

  • And, for example, people have been betting against the United

  • States since George Washington took on King George -- you

  • should go back and read some of the things.

  • Oh, Washington is nothing more than a mediocre surveyor who

  • lost every battle he was ever involved in before this.

  • He doesn't even have a good set of false teeth.

  • Abraham Lincoln's a baboon -- be better if somebody killed

  • him before he could take the Oath of Office -- an editorial

  • in an Illinois newspaper.

  • I could go on and on and on.

  • Nobody remembers the naysayers.

  • In the end, all that endures are the builders, and in the

  • end even the builders are forgotten and all that endures

  • are the ripples of what they built, and that's good

  • -- that's a good thing.

  • So, go out there with a happy heart.

  • Learn to live with confidence in the face of all these

  • changes, and give other people the courage to live with

  • confidence in the face of change.

  • A lot of these whacko things that are happening in American

  • politics today are not really what they seem, they're just

  • people screaming -- stop the world, I want to get off.

  • The problem is you can't stop it and you can't get off.

  • And since we're all stuck, we better make it better together.

  • Thank you.

  • Good luck, and God bless you all.

Thank you very much, Caitlin, Bobby, ladies and gentlemen.

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イェール大学クラスデー講演者、ビル・クリントン大統領 (Yale University Class Day Speaker, President Bill Clinton)

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    rachel6433 に公開 2021 年 01 月 14 日
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