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  • Anyway, there we are - thank you very much

  • - They like you!

  • - Thank you!

  • So, as he was talking, how many of you thought about "valaška" and "halušky"

  • and "tvaroh"?

  • Today we had some type of thing for lunch and we didn't know how to translate it

  • We have 15 minutes!

  • You have the possibility to ask any question you wish!

  • Related to language!

  • So anybody have a question?

  • It doesn't happen every day!

  • Wave!

  • well, there's one!

  • - Hi David! - Hi.

  • - I noticed you didn't speak about ELF.. -No. -Particularly at the end when you were talking about the job of the English teachers

  • I wondered what you think about the need to teach ELF

  • English as a lingua franca - one has to remember why ELF

  • evolved in the first place it was too to give

  • respect to these new varieties basically, wasn't it? Once upon a time

  • there was this view that there was really only one kind of English that was

  • correct and everything else was a bit

  • sort of suspicious or dubious or

  • deviant or gutter speak or what have you .. the inferiority complex concept of

  • other varieties it's applied to every new variety of English over the

  • centuries when

  • American English first came along it was dismissed in Britain as being a

  • completely irrelevant

  • horrible gutter kind of speech that they hoped would disappear

  • very soon and conversely you get the attitudes going in the other direction

  • and so these attitudes that there is one kind of English

  • only that respectable and correct and

  • the one you have to learn and everything else is rubbish was around for an awful

  • long time

  • the main thing that ELF did in my view was

  • it got rid of that conception or tried to and it's still trying to

  • to make the point that all

  • first of all varieties of English are equal

  • if you like some are more equal than others because of the power

  • basis that they have behind them, but all

  • have validity moreover it is argued

  • that because people are learning English in a similar way

  • all over the world there are going to be similarities

  • which will allow us to generalize

  • about what's going on in my talk you're quite right

  • I was only referring to individual varieties like Ghanian English

  • or Singaporean English and so on.. and the reason why I did that because I

  • think these are the areas where the identities are

  • clearest now is it possible to step back and say

  • but there are certain similarities in the

  • English produced by Ghanaians and Nigerians and Singaporeans and

  • all second language learners of English such

  • that we are able to say there is a general

  • a general dialect that transcends individual cultural identities

  • and the ELF movement it seems to me is sort of arguing in that direction

  • I believe it's premature to go so far

  • and the question is

  • tell me what the features of this shared

  • variety of English is - what are the features that identify ELF

  • tell me them - list them for me and

  • there are hypotheses around people say well this is a very widely used feature

  • this is a very wide feature problem is that there's been so little empirical

  • work done

  • that you can't be sure and every time I've come across one of the features it has

  • been suggested as an elf

  • defining feature I find that there are people who don't use it

  • or there are certain circumstances where you don't get it - I'll give you an example

  • and one of the things people say about learning English

  • is that the distinction between countable and uncountable nouns

  • disappears - that uncountable nouns will be treated as countable nouns

  • so all foreigners all over the world

  • will at some point say ehm - there are furnitures

  • in there - that sort of thing

  • and researches being done - rather than research, rather than furniture

  • or I have some important informations for you

  • rather than information now you know I thought that's a good feature that's very

  • probably true

  • and to begin I thought yeah! that I everywhere I've been

  • I found people doing that and then course I find people who don't do that at all

  • and even in the corpus of data that they have

  • the big you know million work corpus they've got their if you go searching

  • for words like:

  • informations and furnitures and so on - you don't find them!

  • you know - they're not there! and so you begin to think

  • just how much is this ELF actually

  • real as opposed to a kind ideal for

  • towards which the English language might be moving so

  • I'm not against it by any manner of means I don't want Henry Widdowson sitting on

  • my head

  • - he's too big - and no - you know I do I do believe that there is

  • there will be an accommodation of

  • many of these varieties which will one day

  • maybe produce something like this but isn't there yet

  • so that's my view at the moment

  • - You spoke of many different influences

  • that lead to the development of these new Englishes

  • could you say that there can also be one can be developed intergenerationally

  • with word meanings - and just two examples that I was thinking of

  • the word "gay" and the word "wicked"

  • you know

  • I think that used to be the case that there was a very clear intergenerational

  • distinction such that you could say

  • this particular feature is characteristic of a younger group

  • and that of an older group and the two don't meet very much and I noticed this in my own family

  • actually

  • in in a feature of pronunciation I say schedule

  • - "shed-yool" -all my kids say "skej-ool" everyone - these are British kids but the

  • american influences has come in

  • and they all say it and so now when I'm talking to them I say ""skej-ool" but I

  • say "shed-yool" when I'm talking to

  • Hillary for example and so now I've got two pronunciations

  • and likewise I might have two meanings of "gay"

  • in my head - I do because I've got the old meaning of "gay" in there as well as the new

  • meaning to gay

  • I know I'm sensitive about it and so it's it causes the usage problem every

  • now and again

  • sometimes I have to avoid the word because I don't know whether my audience will understand

  • this meaning or

  • that meaning - so it is a comp.. the chronological dynamic is a complication

  • but notice I said at the beginning of my answer used to be the case

  • and the reason why I say that is because of the Internet - you see the thing about

  • the internet when it comes to

  • interaction and dialogue so i'm talking now about

  • all the social media sites i'm talking about.

  • forums, blogging forums - you know all that sort of thing

  • chat rooms - who are you talking to?

  • when you enter which a chat room? you have no

  • idea ninety percent of

  • the people that you are encountering anonymous

  • you don't know whether even you know their age

  • certainly you don't know that sex even they male or female

  • straight or gay? some sites actually make you decide

  • but most don't - so I don't know whether this guy I'm talking to on the chat room there

  • and using English in a rather strange and unfamiliar way

  • is A) a native speaker or a non-native speaker I have no idea

  • whether he's male or female, old or young or anything - and so suddenly

  • you know those clear - clearer distinctions that I was familiar with

  • have disappeared

  • and now on the Internet I mean you know we're all using it now

  • in that or at least - there are two types people in the room

  • people below a certain age

  • who have never known anything other than - you've never known the world other than the internet

  • have you?

  • right? and then some slightly less young people a bit further back there

  • and scattered around the room - not and hardly any

  • less young people in the room actually - but there are a few for whom

  • we're not actually saying anymore - what is the internet?

  • but, you know, they're not native speakers on the Internet anyway

  • and so as a result everything has to be rethought

  • absolutely everything in language has to be rethought and

  • we're at the beginning of this transitional period so I don't know

  • whether

  • on the internet one day we will see a a resurgence of the kind of situation you

  • talk about

  • but it certainly making it less impactful

  • at the moment

  • -Do you think that in future there will be probably two or more

  • different pronunciations within one language within one English

  • that people won't understand each other - two different pronunciations

  • well this already happens of course me when you

  • when you actually look at the pronouncing dictionary

  • if you take one of the big pronouncing dictionaries of English - like the Cambridge one or

  • whatever John Wells's dictionary of Peter Roaches' dictionary

  • and you actually count up the number of words in

  • English in there that have already got two

  • or more pronunciations - you'd be surprised how many there are - about a

  • THIRD of the words - the same with

  • spelling - if you go through a dictionary and ask how many words in English have an

  • alternative spelling

  • you know "col-or"

  • "col-our" and encyclopedia

  • with an AE in the middle or an E in the middle, flower pot

  • with a hyphen in the middle or no hyphen in the middle

  • you find that about a quarter of all english words got

  • alternative spelling man

  • there are already - there is already so much diversity there

  • - do you say "uh-geyn" or do you say "uh-gen"

  • well of course it's both - right from Shakespeare's time on

  • Shakespeare uses both pronunciations and

  • same today "guh-rahzh" - or "gar-ij"?

  • there hundreds, thousands of words

  • with these alternative pronunciations - the BBC of course has to choose one

  • - and it does - and it recommends it to announcers or to you - one

  • of the alternative pronunciation "kon-truh-vur-see" or "kuhn-trov-er-see"

  • "ree-surch" or "ri-surch" and so on

  • but diversity of this kind has been part of

  • English from the very beginning

  • and so what I see when we talk about global English is simply an extension of

  • what already exists

  • at a world level.

  • -One last question? -Thank you.

  • -I worked and lived in the Netherlands for two years

  • and I was looking for a job there

  • and I didn't manage most of the jobs asking for a teacher who's a native speaker of English

  • Which I'm not and never will be

  • So I have a kind of deficiency that I was born with and bred with and you might not be in

  • the position to quadriple our salaries - could you please advocate for

  • the competence of non-native English teachers?

  • - Absolutely! I do this all the time!

  • absolutely right - but it's taking time for this new

  • mindset to establish itself you know

  • all of this is so recent - we're talking half a century

  • only - it takes a long time before the institutions

  • recognize the new realities - now by the institutions I mean things like the

  • examining boards

  • you see who still are very conservative and will expect

  • traditional British English and Received Pronunciation and so on

  • so forth - you know that - but even they are changing - even they're beginning

  • I've talked to several examining boards in last 10 years

  • so I'm doing what you say and and trying to persuade them to

  • become more tolerant of diversity and some of them are!

  • now absolutely - the British Council for example

  • another organization, another institution - once upon a time

  • would never have had for example an American accent

  • teaching in its place - now you will find them

  • And so slowly the institutions

  • are changing - if - you've mentioned the Netherlands- I know the Netherlands very

  • well my daughter lives there

  • and the level of English spoken

  • in the Netherlands and in Denmark and in Scandinavia generally

  • is is commensurate with any native speaker

  • that I know - in fact once or twice I had the occasion to explore

  • the limits of linguistic competence of one or two people from these parts of

  • the world comparing in other words

  • how much do you know in terms of any test I can think up

  • vocabulary range, grammatical range -stylistic range and so on

  • compared with a native speaker - I did with Jan Svartvik

  • once and Jan Svartvik - one of the co-authors of the grammar of English

  • that I mention with Randolph Quirk - and we worked together for a long time

  • one day we sort of compared notes and I said to Jan

  • Jan, is there, is there any area

  • of English that you feel weaker than me in

  • and he thought in his Swedish way for a bit

  • and he thought and he thought - and he said "David, there are two areas"

  • One is - now if you can guess what it might be

  • one was nursery rhymes

  • you see - so he didn't have an intuition about all those

  • little nursery rhymes that you learn when you're 18 months of age - how could he?

  • you know? - he knew some of them but he didn't have an intuition about it so

  • that was one area and the other one - this is the last question isn't it because you

  • can't follow this next story

  • and the other one he said "David is..

  • ehm..making love"

  • I said Jan - we can do something about that - we can have a microphone

  • in there and we can record several lovemaking enterprises - and your intuition

  • can improve in no time -

  • he says " I don't think that would be very proper, David, no no"

  • so you know there are occasional areas where

  • there is a differential but for - you know

  • are they the the important areas ? How often will you be referring to lovemaking or nursery rhymes?

  • in your classrooms

  • not very often I suspect - Thank you very much!

  • Thank you, you did very well with your time and everything..

Anyway, there we are - thank you very much

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A2 初級

2014 ELTForum sk David Crystal The Future of Englishes プレナリーQ+A (2014 ELTForum sk David Crystal The Future of Englishes plenary Q+A)

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    邱潔茹 に公開 2021 年 01 月 14 日
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