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  • Hello, everyone. Let's begin our guided tour.

  • Welcome to the Museum of Museums.

  • Museums have been a part of human history for over 2000 years.

  • But they weren't always like the ones we visit today.

  • The history of museums is far older and much stranger than you might imagine.

  • We'll start over here in the Greek wing.

  • Our word museum comes from the Greek mouseion,

  • temples built for the Muses, the goddesses of the arts and the sciences.

  • Supplicants asked the Muses to keep watch over academics

  • and grant ingenuity to those they deemed worthy.

  • The temples were filled with offerings of sculptures,

  • mosaics,

  • complex scientific apparatuses,

  • poetic and literary inscriptions,

  • and any other tribute that would demonstrate a mortal's worthiness

  • for divine inspiration.

  • We have arrived at the Mesopotamian wing.

  • The first museum was created in 530 B.C. in what is now Iraq.

  • And the first curator was actually a princess.

  • Ennigaldi-Nanna started to collect and house Mesopotamian antiquities

  • in E-Gig-Par, her house.

  • When archeologists excavated the area,

  • they discovered dozens of artifacts neatly arranged in rows,

  • with clay labels written in three languages.

  • She must have had interesting parties.

  • The tradition of collecting and displaying intriguing items began to be mimicked,

  • as you can see here in the Roman Empire wing.

  • Treasure houses of politicians and generals

  • were filled with the spoils of war,

  • and royal menageries displayed exotic animals

  • to the public on special occasions, like gladiator tournaments.

  • As you can see, we have a lion here and a gladiator,

  • and, well, the janitor ought to be in this wing clearly.

  • Moving on, hurry along.

  • The next step in the evolution of museums occurred in the Renaissance,

  • when the study of the natural world was once again encouraged

  • after almost a millennium of Western ignorance.

  • Curiosity cabinets, also referred to as Wunderkammers,

  • were collections of objects that acted as a kind of physical encyclopedia,

  • showcasing artifacts.

  • Just step into the wardrobe here. There you go. Mind the coats.

  • And we'll tour Ole Worm's cabinet,

  • One of the most notable Wunderkammers

  • belonged to a wealthy 17th-century naturalist,

  • antiquarian, and physician Ole Worm.

  • Ole Worm collected natural specimens,

  • human skeletons,

  • ancient runic texts,

  • and artifacts from the New World.

  • In other curiosity cabinets,

  • you could find genetic anomalies,

  • precious stones,

  • works of art,

  • and religious and historic relics.

  • Oh my. You might not want to touch that.

  • These cabinets were private, again, often in residencies,

  • curated by their owners, rulers and aristocrats,

  • as well as merchants and early scientists.

  • Now, who hears a circus organ?

  • In the 1840s,

  • an enterprising young showman named Phineas T. Barnum

  • purchased some of the more famous cabinets of curiosity from Europe

  • and started Barnum's American Museum in New York City.

  • A spectacular hodgepodge of zoo,

  • lecture hall,

  • wax museum,

  • theater,

  • and freak show that was known for its eclectic residents,

  • such as bears,

  • elephants,

  • acrobats,

  • giants,

  • Siamese twins,

  • a Fiji mermaid,

  • and a bearded lady,

  • along with a host of modern machinery and scientific instruments.

  • Museums open to the public are a relatively new phenomenon.

  • Before Barnum, the first public museums

  • were only accessible by the upper and middle classes,

  • and only on certain days.

  • Visitors would have to apply to visit the museum

  • in writing prior to admision,

  • and only small groups could visit the museum each day.

  • The Louvre famously allowed all members of the public into the museum

  • but only three days a week.

  • In the 19th century,

  • the museum as we know it began to take shape.

  • Institutions like the Smithsonian were started

  • so that objects could be seen and studied, not just locked away.

  • American museums, in particular,

  • commissioned experiments

  • and hired explorers to seek out and retrieve natural samples.

  • Museums became centers for scholarship and artistic and scientific discovery.

  • This is often called the Museum Age.

  • Nowadays, museums are open to everybody,

  • are centers of learning and research,

  • and are turning into more hands-on institutions.

  • But the question of who gets to go is still relevant

  • as ticket prices can sometimes bar admission

  • to those future scholars, artists and targets of divine inspiration

  • who can't afford to satisfy their curiosity.

  • Thank you all for coming, and please,

  • feel free to stop by the gift shop of gift shops on your way out.

Hello, everyone. Let's begin our guided tour.

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TED-ED】なぜ美術館があるのか?- J. V. マラント (【TED-Ed】Why do we have museums? - J. V. Maranto)

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    周德容 に公開 2021 年 01 月 14 日
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