and Anna Hazare may well be the most cutting-edge digital activist in the world today.

これはアナ・ハザレ氏です

And you wouldn’t know it by looking at him.

今日 世界でもっとも斬新な

Hazare is a 77-year-old Indian anticorruption and social justice activist.

デジタル活動家です

And in 2011, he was running a big campaign to address everyday corruption in India,

見かけだけでは 判断できませんが

a topic that Indian elites love to ignore.

彼は77歳インド人の 反汚職 社会正義活動家です

So as part of this campaign,

2011年 彼は大規模な 社会運動を行っていました

he was using all of the traditional tactics that a good Gandhian organizer would use.

インド人エリート達が好んで無視する問題

So he was on a hunger strike,

インドにおける汚職問題に切り込む為です

and Hazare realized through his hunger that actually maybe this time,

彼は このキャンペーンに

in the 21st century, a hunger strike wouldn’t be enough.

昔からあるような

So he started playing around with mobile activism.

良きガンジー派が使うであろう 数々の戦術を使い

So the first thing he did is he said to people,

ハンガーストライキを用いました

“Okay, why don’t you send me a text message

そしてハザレ氏は 空腹のうちに気づきました―

if you support my campaign against corruption?”

今回は

So he does this, he gives people a short code,

この21世紀では

and about 80,000 people do it.

ハンガーストライキだけでは だめだと

Okay, that’s pretty respectable.

そこで 携帯電話を使った モバイル戦術を始めました

But then he decides, “Let me tweak my tactics a little bit.”

まず最初に 人々に

He says, “Why don’t you leave me a missed call?”

「では 私の反汚職キャンペーンを

Now, for those of you who have lived in the global South,

支持する方は 私に

you’ll know that missed calls are a really critical part of global mobile culture.

テキストメッセージを送ってください」

I see people nodding.

と言うと

People leave missed calls all the time.

およそ８万人もの人々が それに答えました

If you’re running late for a meeting and you just want to let them know

良い結果ですね

that you’re on the way, you leave them a missed call.

それから 彼は

If you’re dating someone and you just want to say “I miss you” you leave them a missed call.

戦術を少し変えてみました

So a note for a dating tip here,

「私に電話をかけて 着信履歴だけ 残して切って下さい」と言いました

in some cultures, if you want to please your lover,

このすぐ電話を切るということ

you call them and hang up.

おわかりですね

So why do people leave missed calls?

このモバイル社会では 重要な意味があります

Well, the reason of course is that

皆さん うなずいておられる

they’re trying to avoid charges associated with making calls and sending texts.

これは良く使われる手法です

So when Hazare asked people to leave him a missed call,

待ち合わせに遅れそうになり

um you know, let’s have a little guess how many people actually did this?

もうすぐ来ると 伝えたいとき

Thirty-five million.

電話を掛けて着信履歴だけを残します

So this is one of the largest coordinated actions in human history.

恋人に「会いたい」と伝えたい時

It’s remarkable.

着信履歴を残します

And this reflects the extraordinary strength of the emerging Indian middle class

いくつかの文化圏での

and the power that their mobile phones bring.

デートのワザですが

But he used that, Hazare ended up with this massive CSV file of mobile phone numbers,

恋人を喜ばせる為に

and he used that to deploy real people power on the ground

電話を掛けてワン切りをする（笑）

to get hundreds of thousands of people out on the streets in Delhi

何の為に着信履歴だけを 残すなんてことをするのでしょうか？

to make a national point of everyday corruption in India.

理由のひとつは

It’s a really striking story.

電話をかけたりメッセージを送る際の

So this is me when I was 12 years old.

通信料を避けたい という事があります

I hope you see the resemblance.

ハザレ氏が着信履歴を残すように 人々に呼びかけた時

And I was also an activist, and I have been an activist all my life.

何人がそれに答えたと思いますか？

I had this really funny childhood where I traipsed around the world meeting world leaders and Nobel prize winners,

３千５百万人です

talking about Third World debt, as it was then called, and demilitarization.

史上最大の組織活動でした

I was a very, very serious child.

驚くべきことです

And back then, in the early 90s,

これは インド中流社会の 目を見張るような勢いでの発展と

I had a very cutting-edge tech tool of my own, the fax.

彼らの携帯電話がもたらす力を 反映しています

And the fax was the tool of my activism.

ハザレ氏は

And at that time, it was the best way to get a message to a lot of people all at once.

ここで大量に得た

And so I’ll give you one example of a fax campaign that I ran.

携帯電話番号データを使い

It was the eve of the Gulf War and I organized a global campaign to flood the hotel, the Intercontinental in Geneva,

人々の力を結集させ

where James Baker and Tariq Aziz were meeting on the eve of the war,

何千もの人々をデリーの大通りに集め

and I thought if I could flood them with faxes, we’ll stop the war.

日常起こるインドの汚職に反旗を翻したのです

Well, unsurprisingly, that campaign was wholly unsuccessful.

すごいことです

You know and there are lots of reasons for that,

これは 私が12歳の頃です

but there’s no doubt that one sputtering fax machine in Geneva was a little bit of a bandwidth constraint

面影があるでしょう？

in terms of the ability to get a message to lots of people.

その頃から 社会活動家でした

And so, you know, I went on to discover some better tools.

そしてそれからずっとそうです

I cofounded Avaaz, which uses the internet to mobilize people

変な子供時代

and now has almost 40 million members,

あちこち駆け回っては

And I now run Purpose,

世界の大物や ノーベル賞受賞者に 会いに行って

which is a home for these kinds of technology-powered movements.

第３世界の債務を議論し

So, so what’s the moral of this story?

その頃 そう呼ばれてましたね

Is the moral of this story, you know what, the fax is kind of eclipsed by the mobile phone?

軍国主義からの開放も議論しました

This is another story of tech-determinism?

とっても まじめな子供だったんです（笑）

Well, I would argue that there’s actually more to it than that.

その頃

I’d argue that in the last 20 years, something more fundamental has changed than just new tech.

90年代の初め

I would argue that there has been a fundamental shift in the balance of power in the world.

私は最新のテクノロジーを持っていました

You ask any activist how to understand the world, and they’ll say,

ファックスです

“Look at where the power is, who has it, how it’s shifting.”

ファックスが 私の社会活動の道具でした

And I think we all sense that something big is happening.

当時 これは画期的な機械で

So Henry Timms and I,

多くの人々にメッセージを 送ることができました

Henry’s a fellow movement builder,

それも一度に です

got talking one day and we started to think,

私の ファックス作戦の一つを ご紹介しましょう

how can we make sense of this new world?

湾岸戦争が始まる前日

How can we describe it and give it a framework that makes it more useful,

ジェイムズ・ベイカー氏と タリク・アジズ氏が会談していた

because we realized that many of the lessons that we were discovering in movements

ジュネーブのホテルに

actually applied all over the world in many sectors of our society.

世界中から大量の

So I want to introduce you to this framework:

ファックスを送って

Old power, meet new power.

ホテルをファックスで溢れかえらせて 戦争を止めよう―

And I want to talk to you about what new power is today.

という作戦でした

New power is the deployment of mass participation and peer coordination,

当然の事ながら

these are the two key elements,

その作戦は失敗に終わりました

to create change and shift outcomes.

その理由は沢山あります

And we see new power all around us.

ジュネーブのファックス一台が何を吐き出しても

This is Beppe Grillo. He was a populist Italian blogger who,

多くの人にメッセージを伝える力は

with a minimal political apparatus and only some online tools,

あまりに非力でした

won more than 25 percent of the vote in recent Italian elections.

なので 他の道具を探してみました

This is Airbnb, which in just a few years has radically disrupted the hotel industry

インターネットで人々に行動を呼びかける

without owning a single square foot of real estate.

アバーズという組織を立ち上げました 今では４千万の会員がいます

This is Kickstarter, which we know has raised over a billion dollars from more than five million people.

そして今はパーパス（目的）という名の

Now, we’re familiar with all of these models.

テクノロジーを駆使した 社会運動組織を運営しています

But what’s striking is the commonalities,

この話の教訓とは何でしょう？

the structural features of these new models and how they differ from old power.

さあ ここでの教訓は

Let’s look a little bit at this.

携帯電話技術がファックスを凌いでしまった そういうことでしょうか？

Old power is held like a currency.

これも技術決定論の一例だ といったことでしょうか？

New power works like a current.

いえ 教訓はそれ以上だと思います

Old power is held by a few.

ここ20年で

New power isn’t held by a few, it’s made by many.

新技術だけでなく

Old power is all about download, and new power uploads.

もっと根本的なことが変化しました

And you see a whole set of characteristics that you can trace,

世界で もっと根本的な

whether it’s in media or politics or education.

パワーの移動が起こったのだと

So we’ve talked a little bit about what new power is.

考えています

Let’s, for a second, talk about what new power isn’t.

社会活動家に世界をどう読むか と尋ねると

New power is not your Facebook page.

こう言うでしょう「パワーがどこにあり誰が持っているか

I assure you that having a social media strategy can enable you to do just as much download

それがどう移り変わっていくかを見ろ」と

as you used to do when you had the radio.

皆が今 何か大きな事が 起こっていると感じています

Just ask Syrian dictator Bashar al-Assad,

同じ社会活動家の

I assure you that his Facebook page has not embraced the power of participation.

ヘンリー・ティムズと私は

New power is not inherently positive.

ある日 今の新しい世界をどう解釈するかを

In fact, this isn’t a normative argument that we’re making,

話し合い始めました

there are many good things about new power, but it can produce bad outcomes.

新しい時代を言い表し

More participation, more peer coordination, sometimes distorts outcomes

それを活用する為の枠組みを どう築いていくかを です

and there are some things, like things, for example, in the medical profession

なぜなら

that we want new power to get nowhere near.

我々が 今までムーブメントから 発見してきた事の多くは

And thirdly, new power is not the inevitable victor.

世界中のあらゆるセクターで 実際に起こっている

In fact, unsurprisingly, as many of these new power models get to scale,

ということに気づいたからです

what you see is this massive pushback from the forces of old power.

ここで 私の構想を紹介します

Just look at this really interesting epic struggle going on right now

古いパワーが新しいパワーと出会うのです

between Edward Snowden and the NSA.

今日の新しいパワーとは

You’ll note that only one of the two people on this slide is currently in exile.

多くの人たちの参加を促すパワー

And so, it’s not at all clear that new power will be the inevitable victor.

仲間と協力するパワー

That said, keep one thing in mind:

これらは 変化をもたらしたり

We’re at the beginning of a very steep curve.

結果を左右する 重大な要素です

So you think about some of these new power models, right?

そして私たちは 至る所に新しいパワーを見かけます

These were just like someone’s, like, garage idea a few years ago,

これは ベッペ・グリッロ氏

and now they’re, like you know, disrupting entire industries.

イタリア人で人気のブロガーです

And so, what’s interesting about new power is the way it feeds on itself.

最小限の政治組織とインターネットだけで

Once you have an experience of new power, you tend to expect and want more of it.

最近のイタリアの選挙で

So let’s say you’ve used a peer-to-peer lending platform like Lending Tree or Prosper,

25％以上の票を得ました

then you’ve figured out that you don’t need the bank,

これは Airbnb (エアビーアンドビー)

and who wants the bank, right?

ここ ２〜３年で

And so, that experience tends to embolden you.

ホテル業界に変革をもたらしました

It tends to make you want more participation across more aspects of your life.

物件を一つも所有しない 宿泊ビジネスです

And what this gives rise to is a set of values.

こちらは Kickstarter (キックスターター)

We’ve talked about the models that new power has engendered, the Airbnbs, the Kickstarters.

５百万人以上から

What about the values?

10億ドル以上を集めました

And this is an early sketch at what new power values look like.

私たちにはもう見慣れた ビジネスモデルですね

New power values prize transparency above all else.

これらの新しいモデルの 構造は似かよっていますが

It’s almost a religious belief in transparency,

古いパワーとでは

a belief that if you shine a light on something, it will be better.

大きな違いがあります

And remember that in the 20th century, this is not at all true.

これを見てください

People thought that gentlemen should sit behind closed doors and make comfortable agreements.

古いパワーは 通貨のように所有されましたが

New power values of informal, networked governance.

新しいパワーは潮流に似ています

New power folks would never have invented the U.N. today, for better or worse.

古いパワーは 少数に握られていますが

New power values participation, and new power is all about do-it-yourself.

新しいパワーは 大勢の参加によって作られます

In fact, what’s interesting about new power is that

古いパワーは ダウンロード方式

it eschews some of the professionalization and specialization

対して新しいパワーは つまりアップロードです

that was all the rage in the 20th century.

そうした新しいパワーの数々の特徴の片鱗を

So what’s interesting about these new power values and these new power models

メディア、政界、教育、何の分野であれ 至るところに見ることが出来ます

is what they mean for organizations.

これまで 新しいパワーについて 話してきました

So we’ve spent a bit of time thinking,

では 新しいパワーでは無い物とは？

okay how can we plot organizations on a two-by-two where, essentially,

それはあなたの フェイスブックページではありません

we look at new power values and new power models and see where different people sit?

ソーシャルメディアは

We started with a U.S. analysis, and let me show you some interesting findings.

情報をダウンロードするだけ という点で

So the first is Apple.

ラジオと変わりありません

In this framework, we actually described Apple an old power company.

シリアの独裁者アサドに聞いてみてください

That’s because the ideology, the governing ideology of Apple is

彼のフェイスブックには

the ideology of the perfectionist product designer in Cupertino.

参加者によって作られたパワーはありません

It’s absolutely about hat beautiful, perfect thing descending upon us in perfection.

新しいパワーは必ずしも肯定的なものだ というわけではありません

And it does not value, as a company, transparency.

新しいパワーを決めつけるための 議論しているわけではありませんが

In fact, it’s very secretive.

新しいパワーには 多くの良い点がありますが

Now, Apple is one of the most successful companies in the world.

同時に 悪い結果を招くこともあるわけです

So this shows that you can still pursue a successful old power strategy.

参加者が増えると その分 意見の摺り合わせの必要も増えます

But one can argue that there’s real vulnerabilities in that model.

それで結果を歪めたりもします

I think another interesting comparison is that of the Obama campaign versus the Obama presidency.

時には 医療のように

Now, I like President Obama, he ran with new power at his back, right?

新しいパワー（による決定の仕方）には全く

And he said to people, we are the ones we’ve been waiting for.

関わってもらいたくない分野もあります

And he used crowdfunding to power a campaign.

第３に 新しいパワーが 必ず勝つとも限りません

But when he got into office, he governed like more or less all the other presidents did.

実際 当然の事ながら

And this is a really interesting trend, is when new power gets powerful, what happens?

多くのこのような新しいパワーモデルが ある程度の規模に育つと

So this is a framework you should look at and think about where your own organization sits on it.

古いパワーによって 押し返されたり するのを

And think about where it should be in 5 or 10 years.

目にするでしょう

So what do you do if you’re old power?

見てください

Well, if you’re there thinking, in old power, you know hwat, this won’t happen to us.

エドワード・スノーデン氏と 米国家安全保障局長官

Then just look at the Wikipedia entry for Encyclopedia Britannica.

この二人のうち 一人は

Let me tell you, it’s a very sad read.

国外亡命中です

But if you are old power, the most important thing you can do

新しいパワーが

is to occupy yourself before others occupy you, before you are occupied.

必ず勝つとは限りません

Imagine that a group of your biggest skeptics are camped in the heart of your organization asking the toughest questions

とは言え私たちは今

and they can see everything inside of your organization.

とは言え私たちは今 急カーブに

And ask them, would they like what they see and should our model change?

差し掛かっていることを 覚えておいてください

What about if you’re new power?

数年前誰かが始めた

Is new power just kind of riding the wave to glory?

オリジナルのアイデアだったものが

I would argue no.

今 あらゆる業界で革新をもたらしています

I would argue that there are some very real challenges to new power in this nascent phase.

この新しいパワーが面白いのは

Let’s stick with the Occupy Wall Street example for a moment.

力の泉を自らが沸き起こしていることです

Occupy was this incredible example of new power, the purest example of new power.

一度新しいパワーを経験をしたら

And yet, it failed to consolidate.

もっとそれを体験したくなることでしょう

So the energy that it created was great for the meme phase,

ピア・ツー・ピアの Lending TreeやProsperで

but they were so committed to participation,

資金調達を取り付けたとします

that they never got anything done.

すると もう銀行など

And in fact that model means that the challenge for new power is:

必要ないと思うでしょう

How do you use institutional power without being institutionalized?

こんな経験をしたら更に

On the other end of the spectra is Uber.

生活のいろんな面でも

Uber is an amazing, highly scalable new power model.

ソーシャル参加の力を 欲するようになるでしょう

That network is getting denser and denser by the day.

価値観も

But what’s really interesting about Uber is it hasn’t really adopted new power values.

変わってきます

This is a real quote from the Uber CEO recently.

ここまで 新しいパワーが生んだ

He says, you know, “Once we get rid of that dude in the car,”

ビジネスモデルについてお話しました

he means drivers,

Airbnb と Kickstarter です

“Uber will be cheaper.”

では その価値観は？

Now, new power models live and die by the strength of their networks.

まだ初期の段階での感触ですが

By whether the drivers and the consumers who use the service actually believe in it.

新しいパワーの価値観は

Because they’re not an exercise of top-down perfectionism,

何よりも その透明性を重要視します

they are about the network.

透明性というものには ライトを当てて透かしてみると

And so, the challenge, and this is why it’s in no way surprising that Uber’s drivers are now unionizing.

もっと良くなる

It’s extraordinary.

そんな信仰的な通念があります

Uber’s drivers are turning on Uber.

20世紀は そうではなかったことを 思い出して下さい

And the challenge for Uber,

ドアに閉ざされた向こう側で

this isnt’ an easy situation for them,.

紳士協定を結ぶのが良いのだと 信じられていました

is that they are locked into a broader superstructure that is really old power.

新しいパワーは 非公式なネットワークによる 統治に価値を認めます

They’ve raised more than a billion dollars in the capital markets.

良きにつけ 悪しきにつけ

Those markets expect a financial return,

これでは 今日の国連は発足できなかったでしょう

and the way you get a financial return is by squeezing and squeezing your users and your drivers

新しいパワーでは 参加する事

for more and more value and giving that value to your investors.

自分でする ということに意義があります

So the big question about the future of new power, in my view, is:

面白いことに新しいパワーは

Will that old power just emerge?