Policymakershaverespondedwithsubsidiestoboostdomesticchipmakersandbringsomecomponentsofproductionbackto U.S. soil, butindustryleaderssayitwillbe a longroad.
今回のGrowth Stories Spotlightでは、経済史家であり、著書『Chip War, the fight for the world's most critical technology』の著者でもあるクリス・ミラー氏に、半導体業界の現状と、世界の半導体セクターにおけるアメリカの優位性を取り戻すための競争についてお話を伺います。クリス、今日はどうもありがとう。お招きいただきありがとうございました。
Yougive a comprehensivelookatthechipsectorandtherisingtensionsbetweenthe U.S.
Well, I thinkit's undeniablewhenyoulookatthedatathatthere's been a hugeboomininvestmentinchipmakingfacilitiesinthe U.S., somethinglike a 10 timesincreaseoverthelastcoupleofyearsininvestmentrelativetothepriortrend. Sothatisevidenceofsuccess. That's exactlywhatCongresswantedwhentheypassedtheChipsAct. But I thinkit's alsoimportanttokeepthescaleincontextbecausecapitalinvestmentinthisindustryissohugethateven a majormulti-billiondollarprogramliketheChipsActonlymovesthingsslowly. Andsojusttoputsomenumbersonthetable, theChipsAct, asyousaid, allocated $39 billionincapitalexpenditureoverthenextcoupleofyearstosubsidizechipmanufacturing. Butthelargestchipcompanyintheworld, Taiwan's TSMC, spentalmostthatmuchmoneylastyearincapitalinvestmentinjust a singleyear. Andsothatillustratesjusthowlargetheamountsarethatyouhavetospendifyouwanttochangewheremanufacturingishappeninginthisindustry.
Andyoutalkedaboutthatspeedbecausethathasbeensomecriticismofthis, thespeedofgettingmoneyoutthere. Yousee a numberofinitiativesexperiencingdelaysinthefirstyear. Taiwan's oneofthosethatdelayed a secondproductionfacility.
Butyousaythevolumeofinvestmenttells a differentstorythere. Sowhyisthat? Andwhatwouldyousaytoinvestorsthataremaybeconcernedabout a returnonthatinvestment?
Sothelong-termcostsofrunning a facilityneedtobebalancedagainstthesubsidies. And I thinkallofthecompaniesinvolvedhavebeentryingtofindtherightbalancebetweenthecostdynamicsandalsoascertain, aretheircustomerswillingtopay a bitmoreforthattypeofsupplychaindiversification? Andwe'veseenUSsubsidies, buttheypaleincomparisontoChina. Beijingisbasicallydoublingdownandsettingasideover $47 billionjustthisyeartoboosttheirchipindustry. Andwe'veseen a lotoftalkaboutexportcontrolsandtariffsbeingusedasthemainpolicytoolstocontainChina's technologicalrise. Butinyouropinion, havetheybeeneffectiveandhowhastheindustryreallyrespondedtothat?
Well, I thinktherearereallyonlycertaincategorieswherethat's likely. Whenitcomestohigherendchips, moresophisticatedtechnologies, chipsthatneedtobecloselyintegratedwithsoftware, theseareplaceswhereWesternfirmsprobablyhave a prettygoodchanceatfendingoffChinesecompetitorsbecauseit's notsolelyaboutcost. It's reallyonlyatthebottomofthemarketandsupercommoditizedproductswherecostreallymatters. AndChina's goingtoproduceatlowercost, evenifit's notmoreefficient, it's justthesubsidieswillenablelowerprices. Andfirmsthatarecompetinginthatsegmentneedtoworry, needtothinkhardaboutwhattheirstrategyisgoingtobe. And I thinkmoretechnologicaldifferentiationisinmanycasesgoingtobetheanswer. Ifyou'vegot a technologicaledge, youdon't havetocompeteoncost. And I thinkthat's whatWesternfirmsareincreasinglyfocusingon. I wanttolook a littlebitatthesupplychainbecausethetensionsbetweentheUSandChinaarealsoreshapinghowcompaniesareapproachingthataspectoftheirbusiness.
Isthathowtheindustryisrespondingrightnow? Oristhat a trendwecouldseemoreofinthefuture? I thinktheway I'd describethetrendisnotdecoupling, butisrathercreating a ChinabusinessfortheChinesemarketand a non-Chinabusinessforthenon-Chinamarket. TherealityisthatChinaisthesecondlargesteconomyintheworldand
WesternfirmsaregoingtowanttokeepsellingintoChinatotheextentthatthey'reallowedtodosoandabletocompetewithdomesticChinesefirms. It's justtoolargetoignore. But I thinkmanycompaniesaremakingsurethatthey'vegot a fairlyseparatesupplychainforthenon-Chinesemarket, atleastseparateintermsofcriticalcomponents, andthatthey'vegotenoughresiliencethattheycanproducegoodsoutsideofChinaiftheyneededto. Andsoyoumentioned
And I wanttoreturntothe U.S. becauseIntelissuch a criticaldomesticproducerofthesechips.
インテルはこれらのチップの重要な国内生産者だからだ。
Andwe'veseensortoftheturnoratleastattemptedturnaroundstory. And I thoughtyoudidsuch a greatjobinyourbookkindoftalkingaboutthehistoryofthatcompanyandhowthisisn't reallythefirsttimethey'vehadtopivot. So I justwantedtogetyourthoughtsonIntelandsomeofthechangesthatarehappeningwiththatcompany.
Well, I thinkIntelistryingtodealwiththreesimultaneouschallenges. ChallengeoneistogettheirmanufacturingcapabilitiesbackatthecuttingedgeonparwithTaiwan's TSMC. Andthereitlookslikethey'rehavingsomerealprogressrelativetowheretheywere a coupleofyearsago.
Andtodosoit's opening a businesstomanufacturechipsforexternalcustomers.
そしてそのために、外部顧客向けにチップを製造するビジネスを開くのだ。
Andthat's a veryexpensivebusinesstostartupbecauseyouneedtospendthemoneybuildingthemanufacturingcapacitytodayandgetthecustomershopefullydowntheroad. And I thinkinvestorsarelookingatthislatterpartofthebusiness, understandingthehugecostthatwillbeinvolvedinthecapitalexpenditurenextcoupleofyears, andnotyetseeingtherevenueandgettingnervousaboutthefinancialimplicationsofthat. Andsothesearethreechallengingproblemstodealwithsimultaneous. They'reproblemsthathavebeencreatedoverthelastdecade. Andso I thinkIntel's managementteamisrightwhentheysaytheyneedsometimetoturnsuch a bigshiparound, especiallybecausethetimecyclesinthisindustryaresolong. Ittakesmultipleyearstobuild a singlefactory. Andso I don't thinkyoucanmeasurethesuccessof a turnaroundinjust a coupleofquarters. Youreallyneedmultipleyearstoascertainwhether, forexample, Intel's newfoundrybusinesstomanufacturechipsforexternalcustomers, whetherthat's goingtoactuallywork. AndsotimeiswhatIntel's managementisaskingfor.