I can’t define who comes to us or how long they stay

我々は失敗した社会政策のためにある バケツのような組織として見られています

We get the people for whom nothing else is worked

私には誰が我々の所に来て どれくらい居るのか 決めることはできません

People who are fallen for all the other social safety nets

我々が受け入れるのは 誰からも見放され

They can’t contain them so we must. That’s our job.

他の全ての 社会的セーフティーネットから

Contain them, control them.

落っこちてしまった人たちです

Over the years, as a prison system, as a nation and as a society, we become very good at that

社会が受け皿になれないなら 我々がせねばなりません

But that shouldn’t make you happy.

それが我々の仕事です

Today, we incarcerate more people per capita than any other country in the world.

彼らを収容し統制することです

We have more black men in prison today than wonder slavery in 1850.

何年にもわたって　刑務所のシステムや

We house the parents of almost 3 million of our communities’ children

国や社会は

And we become the new asylum. The largest know how provider in this nation.

それが非常に上手になりました

When we lock someone up that is not a small thing.

しかしそれは喜ばしいことではありません

And yet we’re call department of corrections.

今日 人口あたりの投獄者数は

Today I want to talk about changing the way we think about corrections.

世界の他の国より多いのです

I believe in my experience tells me that when we change the way we think, we create new possibilities or futures.

今日 刑務所にいる黒人の数は

And prisons need a different future.

奴隷法のあった1850年を超えています

I spent my entire career in corrections over thirty years

我々は コミュニティの

I followed my dad into this field. He was a Vietnam veteran. Corrections suited him.

300万人の子どもの親を収容しており

He was strong steady discipline.

また我々は新たな精神病院と化しています

I was not so much any those things and I’m sure that worrying about me.

つまりこの国の精神医療の 最大の提供場所になっています

Eventually, I decided if I was going to end up in prison, I’d better end up on the right side of the bars.

人を閉じ込めるのは

So I thought I’d check it out.

些細なことではありません

Take a tour the place my dad work.

こんな有様なのに 我々は「矯正省」と呼ばれています

McNeil Island Penitentiary.

今日私は我々が考えている

Now this was the early eighties. The prisons wasn’t quite what you see on TV or in the movies.

矯正の在り方の転換について お話しします

In many ways, it was worse. I walked in was sell house those five tiers high.

私の信念と経験から言うと

The rape and the cell for 550 men that living in it.

我々が考え方を変えれば

And just in case you wonder, fisher one toilet no small confines.

新しい可能性や未来を 生み出すことができます

An officer put t key in lockbox in hundreds men streamed out theirselves.

そして刑務所は違う未来を 必要としています

Hundreds of men streamed out themselves. I walked away as fast as I could.

私は30年のキャリア全てを 矯正の分野で過ごしてきました

Eventually, I went back and I started as an officer there.

父を追い この世界に入ったのです

My job was to run one of those cell blocks and to control those hundreds of men.

彼はベトナム帰還兵でした 矯正は彼にぴったりの仕事でした

When I went to work in our reception center, I could actually hear the image drawn from the parking lot,

彼は強く 真面目で 規律正しい人でした

Shaking cell doors, yelling, tearing up their cells.

私はそういうタイプではなく

Take hundreds of all people and lock them up and what you get is chaos.

きっと彼はそんな私を 案じていたことでしょう

Contain and control that was our job.

最終的に私は決めました 自分が刑務所で人生を終えるならば

One way we want to do this more effectively, was a new type of housing unit

私は牢の外側にいたいなと

Called intensive management unit.

それで私は父の働いていた

I am you, a modern version of a whole.

マクニール島刑務所について調べて

We put inmates in cell behind solid steel doors with cut broads, so we can restrain them and feed them.

見学したいと考えたのです

Guess what?

これは80年代初めのことで

It got quieter. Disturbances died down a general population.

刑務所は 現在テレビや映画館で

Places became safer because those inmates who are most violent or disruptive now be isolated.

目にするのとかなり違っていました

But isolation is a good to pry people social contact and they deteriorate.

多くの点で 悪い方向にです

It was hard getting them out if I am you, for them and for us.

私は５階建ての監房棟の中を歩きました

Even in prison, it’s no small thing to lock someone up.

１つの監房に８人の男性がいました

My next assignment was to one of the states’ deep in prisons

その住居ユニットには 550人の男性がいました

Where someone far more violent or disruptive limits for house.

疑問に思われた方のために言っておくと

By then the industry had advanced a lot, we had different tools and techniques to manage disruptive behaviors.

彼らはこの小さな空間で １つのトイレを共用していました

We have beam back gun and pepper spray and Plexiglas shields, flash bangs, emergency response teams.

職員が監房の鍵を開けると

We met violence with force in chaos with chaos.

何百人もの男性が房の外に ぞろぞろ出ていきました

We were pretty good at putting out fires.

何百人もの男性が房の外に ぞろぞろ出ていきました

While I was there I met two experienced correction workers who are also researchers, an anthropologist and a sociologist.

私はできるだけ早くそこを立ち去りました

One day one of them comment to me and said you’re pretty good at putting out fires.

最終的に私はそこに戻り 職員として働き始めました

Have you ever thought about how to prevent them?

私の仕事は１区画の監房を運営し

I was patient with them explaining our brutal force approach to making prisons safer.

そこの何百人もの男性を 統制することでした

They were patient with me out of those conversations we grew up some new ideas and we started some small experiments.

受付センターで仕事をしている時でも

First, we stared training officers in teams rather than sending them one or two at a time to stay in training academy.

受刑者たちが駐車場から 騒々しくやって来る物音や

Instead of four weeks of training, we gave them ten.

監房のドアを揺さぶったり　 叫んだり

Then, we experimented with an apprenticeship model repaired new staff with veteran staff.

監房を壊そうとする音が 聞こえました

They both got better at the work.

何百もの激しやすい人々を 鍵をかけて閉じ込めると

Second, we had a verbal escalation skills into the training continue on and made a part of the use of force continue on.

混沌に陥ります

It was the non force to use of force.

収容と統制－それが我々の仕事でした

And we did something even more radical, we trained inmates almost the same skills.

これをより効果的にするために 我々が学んだのは

We changed the skill set reducing violence not just responding to it.

新しい住居ユニットでした

Third, we expanded our facility. We tried a new type of design.

それは集中管理ユニット IMUと呼ばれました

Now the biggest and most controversial component of this design a course was the toilet.

現代版の「穴蔵」です

There were no toilets.

我々は差入れ口の付いた 硬い鋼鉄製ドアの監房に

Now, that might not sound significant to you today

受刑者を入れ 外から手錠をかけたり 食事を与えたりできるようにしました

But at the time, it was huge.

受刑者を入れ 外から手錠をかけたり 食事を与えたりできるようにしました

No one has ever heard of a cell without toilet.

どうなったと思いますか？

We all thought it was dangerous and crazy even a man house has a toilet.

静かになりました

That small detail change the way we work.

全体的に騒動はなくなりました

Inmates and staff started interacting more often and openly in developing report.

そこはより安全になりました

It was easier to detect conflict intervene before escalated.

なぜなら最も暴力的 あるいは破壊的な受刑者は

The unit was clear, quieter, safer, and more humane.

隔離できるようになったからです

This was more effective in keeping the peace in any intimidation technique had seen to that point.

しかし隔離はいいことではありません

Interacting changes our way to behave. Both for the officer and the inmates.

人から社会的接触をはく奪し その人の状態を悪くします

We changed the environment and we changed the behavior.

彼らをIMUから出すのは困難でした

Now, just in case, I haven’t learned this lesson, they assigned me to headquarters next,

それは彼らにとっても我々にとってもです

And that’s where I ran straight up against system change.

刑務所の中であっても 人を閉じ込めるということは

Now, many things work against system change.

些細なことではありません

Politics and politicians, bills and laws, courts and lawsuits, internal politics.

私の次の配置先は 難しい州立刑務所でした

System change is difficult and slow.

そこにはもっと暴力的で破壊的な受刑者が 収容されていました

In oftentimes, it doesn’t take you where you want to go.

その頃には この業界は進歩していて

It’s no small thing to change a prison system.

我々は破壊的行動を管理する為に

So what I didn’t do was I reflected on my earlier experiences.

さまざまな道具やテクニックを使いました

I remembered that when irritate two defenders then he went down.

我々はビーンバッグ・ガン（非致死性の散弾銃）や 催涙スプレー

When we changing environment, behavior change. And these were not huge system changes.

それからプレキシガラスの盾

These were small changes and these changes create new possibilities.

閃光弾 緊急対応チームも備えていました

So next I got reassigned a super tended a small prison.

我々は暴力には力で対峙し

And at the same time, I was working on my degree at the Evergreen State College.

混沌には混沌で対峙しました

I interact with a lot of people who were not like me. people have different ideas and came from different backgrounds.

我々は争いを鎮静化するのが かなり得意でした

One of them was rainforest ecologist.

私がそこにいた頃 ２人の経験豊かな 矯正スタッフに出会いました

She looked at my small prison, and what she saw was a laboratory.

彼らは研究者でもありました

We talked and discovered how prison’s inmates can actually help advanced science.

文化人類学者と社会学者です

By helping them complete projects that they couldn’t complete on their own.

ある日彼らの１人が言いました

Like repopulating endangered species, frogs, butterflies. Endangered party plants

「君は争いを鎮静させるのが 上手だよね

At the same time, we found ways to make our operation more efficient through the addition over a solar power, rainwater catchment

どうやれば争いを防げるかを 考えてみたことはあるかい？」と

Organic gardening, recycling.

力ずくのアプローチは刑務所を

This initiative has led to many projects that had huge system-wide impact

安全にするのだと説明しながら

Not just our system but another state systems as well.

私は彼らに寛容になろうとしていました

Small experiments making a big difference.

彼らも私に対してそうしていました

The science to the community. The way we think about our work changes our work.

この会話が 新しいアイデアにつながり

The project just make my job more interesting and exciting.

我々は小さな実験をいくつか始めました

I was excited. Staffs were excited. Officers were excited. Inmates were excited.

第１に 我々は職員の訓練を

They were inspired. Everybody wanted to be a part of this.

州の研修所に１、２人ずつ送ってではなく チームの中で行うことにしました

They’re making a contribution and difference. One they thought was meaningful and important.

４週間ではなく 10週間訓練を受けさせました

Let me be clear on what’s going on there though.

そして我々は徒弟制モデルを試みました

Inmates are highly adaptive. They have to be.

そこでは 新人がベテランスタッフと ペアで仕事をしました

Oftentimes, they know more about our own systems than the people who run them.

彼らは両方とも仕事の腕をあげました

And they’re here for a reason.

第２に 我々は 言語による静穏化スキルを

I don’t see my job is to punish them or forgive them.

訓練に取り入れました

But I do think they can have decent and meaningful lives even in prison.

そして力の行使が続くなかに それを加えました

So that was a question.

それは力の行使に対する 非暴力の行使でした

Could inmates live a decent and meaningful life?

より思い切ったこともしました

And if so, what difference would that make?

受刑者たちに同じスキルを 訓練したのです

So I took that question back to the deep end where some of our most violent offenders were housed.

我々はスキルの組み合わせを変えて

Remember I’m a user for punishment. You don’t get perks are like programming that was how we thought.

暴力にただ応酬するのでなく 暴力自体を減らそうとしたのです

And then we started to realize that if any inmates need this programming.

第３に 施設拡張の際 我々は新しい内装を試みました

It was these particular inmates, in fact they needed intensive program.

このデザインの面で 最大かつ最も論議を生んだのは

So we changed our thinking 180 degrees and we start looking for new possibilities.

もちろんトイレでした

What we found was a new kind of chair.

トイレがないのです

Instead of using the chair for punishment, we put it in classrooms.

これは今の皆さんには 意義が分からないかもしれません

We didn’t forget our responsibility to control.

しかし当時は重大事でした

But now inmates can interact safely face to face with other inmates and staff.

トイレのない監房など誰も 聞いたことがなく

And because control was no longer an issue, everybody could focus on other things.

皆 危険で正気の沙汰ではないと 考えていました

Like learning, behavior changed.

１つの監房に８人いるような環境でも トイレがありました

We changed our thinking and we changed what was possible and that gives me hope.

この小さなことが我々の仕事を変えました

Now, I can’t tell you that any of this stuff will work.

受刑者と職員のオープンな交流が増え

What I can tell you though, it is working.

ラポール（信頼関係）が発展しました

Our prison are getting safer for both staff and inmates.

葛藤を エスカレートする前に 発見し

And more prisons are safe, we can put our energy in a lot more than just controlling.

介入するのが簡単になりました

Reducing recidivism maybe our ultimate goal, but it’s not our only goal.

ユニットはより清潔に 静かに そして安全で人間的になりました

To be honest with you, preventing crime took so much more from so many more people in institutions.

これは当時の私が見たことのある

If we rely on just present to reduce the crime, I’m afraid we’ll never get there.

どの威嚇的なテクニックよりも 平和を保つのに有用でした

But prisons can do something we never thought they could do.

相互交流は人の行動を変えます

Prisons can be the source of innovation and sustainability.

職員も受刑者もそうです

Repopulating endangered species, environmental restoration.

我々は環境を変えることで 行動を変えたのです

Inmates can be scientists and beekeepers, dog rescuers.

この教訓を万一学び損ねていては いけないと思われたのか

Prisons can be the source of a meaningful work and opportunity for staff and the inmates who live there.

私は次に本庁に配置されました

We can contain and control and provide humane environments.

そこで私はシステムの変化に まさに直面したのです

These are not opposing qualities.

現状では多くの事柄が システムの変化に抵抗します

We can’t wait ten to twenty years to find out if this is worth doing.

政治と政治家　法案と法律

Our strategy is not massive system change.

裁判所と訴訟 内部での駆け引き

Our strategies hundreds of small changes that take place in days or months not years.

システムの変化は困難かつゆっくりで

We need more small pilots where we learn as we go.

しばしば思うようにはいきません

Pilots that change the range of possibility.

しばしば思うようにはいきません

We need new better way to measure impacts on engagement on interaction on safe environments.

刑務所のシステムを変えるのは 些細なことではありません

We need more opportunities to participate in and contribute to our communities, your communities.

それで私は自分の経験を振り返り

Prisons need to be secure. Yes. Safe. Yes.

我々が受刑者と交流を持つと 彼らが落ち着いたことを思い出しました

We can do that. Prisons you provide humane environments where people can participate, contribute and more meaningful lives.

我々が環境を変えたら 行動も変わりました

We’re learning how to do that.

これらは大きなシステム変化ではなく

That’s why I’m hopeful.

小さな変化でしたが これらの変化が

We don’t have to stay stuck in old ideas about prison.

新しい可能性を開いたのです

We can define that. We can create that.

次に私は小さな刑務所に 所長として配属されました

And when we do that thoughtfully with humanity.

そして同時に 私は エバーグリーン州立大学で

Prisons can be more than the bucket prevail social policy.

学位に向けて勉強をしていました

Maybe finally, we’ll honor title.

自分と違うタイプの人と たくさん交流しました

A department of corrections.

さまざまな考えや