TheMongols, representedonyourleftbyKublaiKhan, were a smallconfederacyofnomadicpeopleslivinginthedesertsnorthofChina, whosucceededinconqueringthelargestempireknowntomankind.
Thesetwoworldsreallyweresoincompatible, andyettheyformedanextraordinarymergingofideasandculturesthatbecame a watershedinChinesehistory, andreallydefinedthedirectionofChineseartfromthispointforward.
Chinawas a country, themostpopulousintheworld, whichhad a traditionofthreemillenniaofrulinglargeempires.
中国は世界で最も人口の多い国で、3千年にわたり大帝国を支配してきた伝統がある。
TheMongolshadnoneofthatintheirbackground.
モンゴル人にはそのような素養はなかった。
Theyhadverylittleinthewayofmaterialculture.
物質的な文化はほとんどなかった。
Theywerewarriors, buttheyrapidlylearned, andKublaiwas, I think, perhapsthepreeminentexampleof a manwhorecognizedthatyoucouldconquerChinabythesword, butyoucouldn't ruleitthatway.
Thereisthewell-fedhorsewhochoosestoserveingovernment, obviouslyforthebettermentofthestate, andthereisalsothemoralchoiceofremainingoutsideofgovernmentserviceas a loyalist, animin, a leftoversubjectoftheSongdynasty.
Sohewithdrewfromsocietyandpursuedpaintingas a wayofsupportinghimselffortherestofhislife.
そこで彼は社会から身を引き、残りの人生を自活する方法として絵画を追求した。
ZhaoMengfutook a verydifferentcourse, andyetinboththesepaintingsweseethemadopting a verysimilarnotionofhowtorecovertheantiquespiritofChinathrough a returntoarchaicstylesusingthisblue-greenlandscapestyle.
DaduandthenintheprovincialcapitalofShandong, wherehehad a significantimpactonbetteringthelivesoftheChinesesubjects, includingriddingthestateof a nefariousfinancialministerwhowasgougingthepeoplewiththetaxes.
Andthisimageismeanttoreallyunderscorehisapproachtogovernance, becauseit's a thinlydisguisedself-portraitbasedon a 4thcenturypaintingof a mannamedXieYouyu.
XieYouyuwas a governmentofficialwhomaintainedthatwhilehewasnotperhapsthemostadeptatcourtritual, hewasthemostmorallypurebecausehemaintainedthespiritofmountainsandvalleysinhisheartwhileservingingovernment.
Butafteranotheryear, in 1296, hepaintedthisimageof a groomandhorsefor a mannamedFeiqing, whowas a surveillancecommissioner, a manwhowasresponsibleforupholdingthemoralintegrityofthegovernmentandalsorecruitingnewpeopleintooffice.
この人物は監視総監であり、政府の道徳を守り、新しい人材を登用する役割を担っていた。
And I thinkwhatthisisis a pleaonthepartofZhangMengfutoberecognizedandbeingbroughtbackintogovernmentinanappropriaterole.
SowhatZhangMengfuissuggestinghereisthatheis a manwhohas a certainmoralrectitude, thattheimageofcircleandsquareisnotjustaboutgeometry, butit's aboutmoralqualities.
Andthere's anotherlayerofmeaninghereaswell, because a manwhocanjudgefinehorses, particularlythelegendaryBoLe, wasalso a metaphorforsomeonewhocouldrecognizehighcharacterinhumanbeings.
Sotoplace a groomand a horsetogetherlikethis, juxtaposing a fineanimalwith a finelookinggentleman, wasanotherwayofsayingthat, orperhapsinvitingthishighcommissionertorecognizequalityinZhangMengfuhimself.
Andweknowthisbecausetheyoungerbrotherhasaddedaninscriptionafterthepaintinginwhichhelaudshisolderbrotherforbeing a kindofmoderndayLiGonglin, whowas a greatpainterofhorsesinthe 11thcentury.
SonowwhenwecomparethetwohorsesthatZhaopainted, wecanseethatZhaohasusedsubtlemeanstodistinguishbetween a morematurehorsewith a fullmaneandthisonewhichhasjust a fewsmallhairsgrowingup.
Soit's a wonderfulsinecurewherehecouldspendhistimeoverseeingtheeducationoftheyouthofHangzhou, theyoungerpeople, andreallybuilding a newsenseofwhattheirculturalheritagewasbydailyexaminingantiquepaintings, addinghisinscriptions, andevokingthroughhisownart a newsynthesisofpaststyles.
Thisisalready a 10thcenturytraditionthatZhaoMengfuisreviving.
これはすでに10世紀の伝統であり、趙孟晩が復活させようとしている。
Sothisbecomes a kindofself-portrait, animageofhimselfandperhapstherecipientofthepainting, like-mindedindividualsisolatedhereonthisforegroundhummockwiththedistantmountainsandthepromiseofretirementthatthefishermanoffers, a very, verydistantvisionindeed.
Ifwelookatthewayinwhichtherockisdrawn, ZhaoMengfutalksaboutinhisownwritingsthatwhenhedraws a rock, heusesfeibai, theflyingwhite, wherethebristlesofthebrushhavebeenseparatedtocreatethissenseofwhitelinesasthebrushgrazesacrossthepaper.
Andsothislonginscription, hegoeson a greatlengthaboutthevariousmastersthathestudiedinthepast, andheconcludes, mypaintingis a littledifferentfromthoseofotherpeopletoday, but I daresaypeoplewhointheknowwillappreciatewhatthedifferencesare.
そして、この長い碑文では、彼が過去に学んださまざまな巨匠について長々と語り、最後にこう結んでいる。
Sohereallyisanadvocateforhimself.
だから、彼は本当に自分の味方なんだ。
Heknewthatthesepaintingsweregoingtobetransmittedtothefutureandthattheywouldbe, in a way, thewayhecouldexoneratehimselfforwhatsomepeopleviewedasbeing a traitortotheSongdynastybyservingundertheMongols.
SoZhaoMengfudid a numberofthesecommissionswhereheusedhisregularscriptinthismanner, adaptingthenorthernwaystelescriptfromthe 6thcentury, mergingitwiththefinesseofTangdynastyregularscript, andcreating a newsynthesisthatwassoeffectivethat
NowthisidentificationofthepinetreewiththeindividualandwiththisrevivalofthenorthernSongmonumentalLiChengGuoXitraditionintheearly 14thcenturybecamethebeginningof a newstylisticdirectionintheYuanperiod.
ZhuDerenisperhaps a littlemoreindependentinhisinterpretationoftheLiguostyle, buthe's also, I think, evoking a phenomenonthatbecameoneofthedefiningfeaturesof
朱徳仁はリグオ・スタイルの解釈において、おそらくもう少し自立している。
Yuanculture, andthatistheliterarygathering.
元文化、それは文学の集まりである。
Soinshorthandhere, thesethreemen, oneofwhomisplaying a zitheronhislap, twoothersarelisteningattentivelywhile a littleservantboygatherssomewatertomaketea, andeven a friendlyfisherman, aniconoflivinginreclusion, livingclosetonature.
Zhongfenwasactually a closefriendofZhaoMengfu, andweseethatbothmonochromebambooandinkpineareemblematicofthisman's spiritualattainmentandthesenseofhisownloftyideals.
Thiscontrastbetweenthehorizontallinesofthelandscapeandtheverticalsofthetreeemphasize a kindofflatgeometricqualityhereaswell, andsothesensethatthepaperandinkarereallythesubjecthere.
風景の水平線と樹木の垂直線とのコントラストは、ここでもある種の平面的な幾何学性を強調している。
It's notjustabouttheimagery, it's certainlynotaboutrepresentationalimagery, thewaythispaintingevokes a senseof a coherentspace.
So I thinkZhaoMengfuwasveryconsciouslypartofNiZan's thinkingwhenhecreatedthispainting, butwhatisperhapsmostsignificantistheman, BigFool, whomhethoughtwouldhave a goodlaughatthispainting, addedhisownencomium.
Sonow, whenwelookatpaintingsintheexhibition, werecognizeimmediatelywhenwesee a pinetreeandrock, we'renotmerelylookingatlandscape, we'relookingatanindividual, we'relookingat a senseofmoralqualitiesthatareappreciated.
Itis a fittingconclusion, I think, towhattheYuandynasty's legacyinpaintingis.
元朝が絵画に残した遺産が何であるかを考えるのに、ふさわしい結論だと思う。
They'vetakenportraitureandtransformedit, notfromrepresentationofanindividual, but a kindofmetaphoricalandcalligraphic, anautographicrepresentationoftheindividual.
Sothat's WuQuanjie, andthat's probablyeithergroundupmineralwhite, soitcouldbesomethinglike a talc, oritcouldbeoystershell, but I don't knowwhatthesubstanceis.
Soas a referencetohismoralintegrity, thatandthecranes, whicharevehiclesoftheimmortals, wouldcertainlyhavebeensomething, birdsthatwouldhavebeenattractedbyhisplaying.