Ifeachcutin a moviecanbecomparedtotaking a breath, thendoing a longtakeislikeclosingyourmouth, pinchingyournoseandseeinghowlongyoucangoononelungfullofair.
Inthisvideo, let's take a lookatwhatmakeslongtakeseffective, whyfilmingtheseshotscanbechallengingandidentifythevariouswaysandpiecesofequipmentwhichcanbeusedtopullthemoff.
Thelonger a shotplaysoutinrealtime, themoreofanimmersiveexperienceitprovides.
ショットがリアルタイムで再生される時間が長ければ長いほど、没入感が増す。
Thisallowsaudiencestoengagewithsequenceswith a senseofreal-timecontinuity.
これにより、観客はリアルタイムの連続性を感じながらシークエンスに関わることができる。
Thiscanfeel a bitmorerealisticallyrepresentativeandtruetohowweexperiencetimeinreallife, ratherthanmovieswhichchopupactionsintoloadsoftinylittlepiecesandfragmentsoftime.
Likethisfamous 4 minutelongtakefromChildrenofMen, whichplaysoutsomelight-heartedhumanmomentsbeforegraduallyrampinguptheactioninto a tense, immersivechasesequence, whichalltakesplaceinrealtimein a singleshot.
Atthebeginning I comparededitingtobreathing, whichcaneitherbedonewithslow, deep, relaxedbreathswhicharespacedapart, withshortchoppypanicgaspsforair, orinthecaseoflongtakesbyholding a breathforanextendedperiodoftime.
Prolongingcuttingorwithholdingtheaudiencefromtaking a breathcanbe a greattoolforbuilding a feelingoftension, anticipationandintensifyingemotionalmoments.
Hungerholdson a lockedshotof a keydialoguescenebetweentwocharactersforanincredible 17 minutes, intensifyingthedrama, givingthedialogue a real-timerhythmandlockingtheaudience's focusinasthescenebuilds a powerfulatmosphere.
Orin a moreobjectivestyleliketheopeningshotofBoogieNightswherethecameraflowsfromanestablishingshotintoshowingvariousdifferentmembersoftheensemblecastasthecameraprogressivelyroamsaround a nightclub.
Themosttechnicallysimplelongtaketechniqueistofilm a shotfrom a stationarycamerapositionwhichiseitherlockedofforoperatedbasedonthemovementsofcharacters.
Mostcommonlythisbasesupportwouldeitherbetripodlegs, a dollywhichislockedintopositionor a highhatforshotswhichneedthecameratobepositionedlowtotheground.
Thesecondandprobablymostcommonwayofdoing a longtakeisbyemployingcameramovement.
ロングテイクの2番目の、そしておそらく最も一般的な方法は、カメラの動きを利用することだ。
Thereare a widevarietyofwaystodothisandit's verysituationaldependingonthequalityofthemovement, thepositionofthecameraandwhatgearwillbemostpracticalfortheoperatorandtechnicians.
Iffilmmakerswantthepracticalflexibilitythatcomesfrombeingabletomove a handheldcamerathroughvariousspacesatdifferentanglesbutwithmovementthatismorefluid, smoothandhas a bitmorestability, then a greatoptioniseither a steadicam, a trinityor a 3-axisgimbal.
Thisallows a cameratomoveprettymuchanywhereverticallyandhorizontallywithin a dedicatedvolumeofspace.
これによって、カメラは専用スペース内であれば、縦横どこにでも移動することができる。
However, a largecranearmoroverheadcablingwillsometimesbelimitedbyobjectslikeceilings, whichmeansoutsideof a studioitisn't alwaysthebesttoolforlongtakesthatneedtomovethroughanenvironment.
Thiscanbedonewiththecameramountedontopof a tripodheadontopof a dolly, whichispushedalong a seriesofstraighttracklengthswhichareconnectedandlevelledbygrips.
Althoughthismovementissupremelysmooth, itdoeslimitthemotiontoonestraightaxis, unlikeshootinghandheldwith a gimbalor a steadicamwheretheoperatorcanturncorners, looparoundandeasilychangetheirdirectionalline.
Anexceptiontothisisifthelongtakeisshotusing a dollyin a soundstageor a locationwith a perfectlysmoothlevelledfloorwherethedollycanbewheeledaroundwithoutneedingtousetrackstogetitoveruneventerrain.
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Dependingonthesituationthegimbalorstabilisedheadcanberiggedonto a barandattachedtosomekindoftrackingrigsuchas a technocranewhichdoes a telescopingmotionor a cablerigthatthecameraslidesalong.
Somehighbudgetfilmmakerswanting a longtakewithmovementinunusualspacescanentertheworldofcustomgripbuilds, suchasthis 2-axisdollyrigfromChildrenofMenwhichwasbuiltontotheroofofthecar.
この『Children of Men』の2軸ドーリーリグのように、車のルーフに組み込んだものだ。
Thisrigcouldmoveanunderslungremoteheadalong a trackbothforwardsandbackwardsandleftandright.
このリグは、アンダースラングのリモートヘッドをトラックに沿って前後左右に動かすことができる。
Thiswasmountedontothecar's cut-offroof.
これは車の切り落とされたルーフに取り付けられていた。
Whileanoperatorstationedontopof a spaceriggedontothecar's roofcouldalsopanthecameraaround 360 degreeson a sparrowheadinsidethecar's interior.
Thecarwasplacedon a lowloaderplatformthatcouldbedrivenforwardsandbackwardsbytwolowmountedprofessionaldriversatthefrontandrearofthecarwhosatoutofsightofthecamera.
Theeasiestmethodofperforminganinvisiblecutisbyending a shoton a blockofsoliddarkcolour, cutting, thenresumingfilming a newshotwhichstartsonthesameblockofcolour.
Nowadaysdigitalcameraswhichrecordontolargecapacitycardsorharddrivesoffer a muchlongerrunningtimethanphysicalfilmdid, andhavelargelymadethisissueirrelevant.
However, therearestillplentyoftechnicalchallengeswhichcomewithshootinglongtakes.
しかし、長回しの撮影には技術的な課題が山積みだ。
Oneofthoseiswirelesstransmission.
そのひとつがワイヤレス伝送だ。
Thisisrequiredbothtotransmit a videosignalto a monitorforthedirectortoreviewthetakeasitunfolds, aswellasforthefirstACtoevaluatefocus, andtothentransmit a signalfromthewirelessfollowfocustothecameratopullsaidfocus.
Inordinarysetupsthisisn't a problem, howeverifthecameraneedstomove a greatdistanceduring a takeawayfromwherethemonitorandfocuspullerissetup, theneither a strongertransmitterwillberequiredthattransmits a furtherdistance, orthefocuspulleranddirectorwillneedtobeclosetothecameraatalltimesduringthetake.
Onewaytoaidwithbalancingexposureistodoanirispull, where a motoron a lens's apertureringcanbeshiftedduring a taketoeitheropenupandmaketheimagebrighter, orstopdowntodarkenit.
Anotherconsiderationwithlightingistoplanthelightingandcameramovessothatthere's never a lightsourcebetweenthecameraandthesubject, toavoidcasting a camerashadow.